能源需求與日俱增及其使用後所伴隨而來之環境問題，發展替代燃料成為一重要之課題。本研究首先針對柴油引擎之多種持久性有機污染物排放測試，包含，多環芳香烴化合物(PAHs)、戴奧辛/呋喃 (PCDD/Fs)、多氯聯苯(PCBs)、多氯聯苯醚(PCDEs)、溴化戴奧辛/呋喃(PBDD/Fs)、多溴聯苯 (PBBs)及多溴聯苯醚(PBDEs)。並使用不同之生質燃料，包含廢食用油回收再製生質柴油及含水醇類(模擬生質醇類未經除水過程之產物)，探討生質燃料對於柴油引擎污染減量之效果及能源效率之影響。
研究結果顯示使用市售柴油(B2)，柴油引擎排放廢氣中PAHs, PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PCDEs, PBDD/Fs, PBB及PBDEs分別為0.596-0.617 g BaPeq g/Nm3, 4.48-9.72 pg I-TEQ pg/Nm3、0.0775-1.15 pg WHO-TEQ /Nm3、ND、0.566-2.40 pg TEQ /Nm3 、9.66 pg/Nm3及 39.4-41.3 ng/Nm3。雖然廢食用油再製生質柴油之氯含量約為市售柴油之5倍高，然而其可提升燃燒效率且有較低之多環芳香烴含量，使用B10及B20對於上述之持久性有機污染物之減量效果隨著生質柴油之添加比例升高有增加之現象。在使用含水丁醇油品方面，添加10%及20%含水丁醇於B2中可降低持久性有機污染物質量濃度排放22.6%-42.3%及38.0%-65.5%，並降低毒性濃度排放18.7%-78.1%及51.0%-84.9%，其減量效果與使用廢食用油再製生質柴油相仿，然而使用含水丁醇添加於柴油中可降低引擎燃燒溫度(cooling effect)進而降低NOx排放，解決使用生質柴油可能導致較高之NOx排放問題。
在含水ABE(丙酮-丁醇-乙醇)研究方面，使用20%含水ABE混和柴油可有效提升引擎效率3.26-8.56%、並同時降低PM及NOx排放5.82-61.6%及3.69-16.4%。將生質柴油添加於含水ABE油品中可使油品之特性更適合於柴油引擎中使用，雖然生質柴油可能產生較高的NOx排放，本研究發現，生質柴油與含水ABE同時添加於柴油中可提升燃燒效率0.372-7.88%，並同時有效降低NOx (4.30-30.7%)、PM (10.9-63.1%)及PAHs (26.7-67.6 %)，解決使用生質燃料產生之NOx-PM trade-off問題。此乃因含水ABE中有較高之含氧量可使燃燒完全，進而降低PM及PAHs排放，此外，其少量之含水量可降低引擎燃燒溫度，抑制NOx生成。
總而言之，ABE-生質柴油-柴油混合燃料中含有75%之生質燃料可使用於未加改裝之柴油引擎，且不會有較高之NOx排放問題，並可提昇燃燒效率進而降低PM及持久性有機污染物排放。再者，使用廢食用油再製生質柴油除可解決廢食用油處置之問題外，並可使油品之特性更適合於柴油引擎中使用。另外，將少量水保留於溶劑中添加進柴油或生質柴油中，可省去於除水過程中所需消耗之大量能源且不需添加乳化劑，故少量水與高含氧量醇類混存在柴油及生質柴油中確實為可行之綠色替代燃料。

The interest in developing clean and sustainable energy sources has grown considerably due to the finite supply of fossil fuels and the environmental and health concerns related to pollutant emissions. In this study, the emission of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from diesel engine were investigated, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorined diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In addition, the waste cooking oil (WCO)-base biodiesel and water-containing alcohol (butanol and acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE)), which simulate the products of biomass fermentation without dehydration and no addition of surfactants, were tested as alternative fuels to enhance the energy efficiency and lower pollutant emissions from diesel engines.
Results indicated that the emission of PAHs, PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PCDEs, PBDD/Fs, PBB, and PBDEs from diesel engine fueled with commercial diesel (B2) were 0.596-0.617 g BaPeq g/Nm3, 4.48-9.72 pg I-TEQ pg/Nm3, 0.0775-1.15 pg WHO-TEQ /Nm3, ND, 0.566-2.40 pg TEQ /Nm3, 9.66 pg/Nm3, and 39.4-41.3 ng/Nm3, demonstrating that the diesel engines are responsible source of the environment POPs. The addition of WCO-based biodiesel not only reduced the precursors of the aforesaid pollutants, but promoted more complete combustion in the diesel engine. Although the chlorine content of the WCO-based biodiesel was about five times higher than that of the commercial diesel, using B10 and B20 as fuels can decrease these emission factors of POP, and the reduction increased along with the percentage of biodiesel added to the blends.
For the water-containing butanol, it was found that can also reduce the emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from diesel engines, after using blends of B2 with 10% and 20% water-containing butanol, the POP emission factors were decreased by amounts in the range of 22.6%-42.3% and 38.0%-65.5% on a mass basis, as well as 18.7%-78.1% and 51.0%-84.9% on a toxicity basis. This POP reductions of water-containing butanol were similar to that of WCO-based biodiesel. However, the small amount of water content may lower the in-cylinder temperature (cooling effect), thus, solves the problem of greater nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from biodiesel fueled diesel engine.
For the other water-containing ABE, the diesel blend with 20 vol% water-containing ABE enhanced the break thermal efficiencies (BTE) by 3.26-8.56%., and reduce the emissions of particulate matter (PM) and NOx by 5.82-61.6%, 3.69-16.4%, respectively, when compared to regular diesel. In order to produce more preferable properties for diesel engine, addition of biodiesel in water-containing ABE diesel blends are consider. Although biodiesel had greater NOx emissions, the blends that contained 25% of the water-containing ABE had significantly lower NOx (4.30-30.7%), PM (10.9-63.1%), and PAH emissions (26.7-67.6 %) than the biodiesel-diesel blends and regular diesel, respectively. In addition, the energy efficiency of this new blend was 0.372-7.88% higher with respect to both the biodiesel-diesel blends and regular diesel. These benefits resulted from higher oxygen content of ABE which promote more complete combustion, and the cooling effect that is caused by the high vaporization heat of water-containing ABE.
Consensually, the bio-fuels content in the ABE-biodiesel-diesel blend is up to 75% (50% biodiesel and 25% water-containing ABE solution) and can be used in unmodified diesel engines without higher NOx emissions, one that also has the advantages of greater energy efficiency, trade off, and lower PM and POP emissions. In addition, blend with the water-containing alcohol and WCO-based biodiesel not only solves the problem of waste oil disposal, but also improve the fuel properties. On the other hand, the acceptance of a small amount of water in the fuel blends can simplify the fuel production process by eliminating the need for dehydration and surfactant addition. In summary, this research identified an innovating and simple way to utilize the bio-produced water-containing alcohol and biodiesel as a cleaner fuel.

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