植被監測系統在景觀設計上，對於改善與美化景觀生態環境上扮演重要角色，可提供樹木空間分佈情形及時間歷程所發生的變化，而樹木模型為其中重要一環。建立樹木模型前需先進行林木調查，以往主要依賴人工地面調查，雖有先進的儀器改善地面調查效率，但還是費時費力以及經費。
本研究目的為利用空載光達點雲資料以及多光譜影像，萃取立木參數並建置樹木模型。研究程序主要分為三大階段：(1) 篩選樹木點雲；(2)萃取立木參數；（3）建置樹木模型。第一階段以數值地表模型高程及多光譜影像之光譜特性過濾非樹木的點雲，第二階段利用樹木點雲進行分水嶺分割及真圓度偵測萃取立木參數，第三階段為樹木模型的建置。
本研究利用成功大學校區空載光達資料以及航照多光譜影像來進行實驗，測試區域主要以成功大學榕園為主，選取不同樹木模型建模方式探討本演算法之可行性。然而在樹木模型建置過程中會面臨分水嶺區塊中樹木分佈不均，造成立木漏授及誤授問題，故使用真圓度偵測以人工方式進行比對，以獲更精準之立木參數，最後將立木參數應用於樹木模型建置中。

The vegetation monitoring system, which observes the distribution and transition of trees, is important to ecosystem management. Tree modeling is one of the essential work in forest monitroing. It was expensive and time consuming in the past when ground investigation was the major means of tree modeling. The purpose of this study is to build tree models using remote sensing technologies.
The objective of this study is to build tree models using LiDAR data and aerial multispectral images. The proposed scheme comprises three major steps: (1) tree cloud points extraction; (2) tree crown detection; (3) tree modeling. Tree cloud points extraction is a filtering algorithm to exclude non-tree cloud points using DEM and multispectral images. In the tree crown detection, watershed segmentation is used to find the crown delineation, then it searches the local maxima of the segments and performs roundness test to obtain the tree parameters. Finally, parameters of tree models are adopted for tree modeling.
The test data for this study include digital aerial multispectral images and LiDAR data of National Cheng Kung University. Modeling of some banyan trees in the campus is demonstrated. The test shows that indivisual trees can be modeled well. However, watershed segmentation frequently failed when trees are closely located. In this case, the roundness test can obtain better parameters for tree modeling.

Ackermann, F. ," Airborne Laser Scanning—Present Status and Future Expectations Airborne Laser Scanning. ", ISPRS, vol:54, pp.64-67, 1999.
Adams, N. J. and Williams, C. K. I., "Dynamic trees for image modelling.", Image and Vision Computing , vol:21(10), pp.865-877, 2003.
Aono, M. and Kunii, T. L., "Botanical Tree Image Generation.", Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE , vol:4(5), pp.10-14, 1984.
Axelsson, P, "Processing of Laser Scanner Data -Algorithms and Applications." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol:54(2-3), pp.138-147, 1999.
Barnsley, M. F. and Demko, S., "Iterated Function Systems and the Global Construction of Fractals ", Proc. of the Royal Society of London, London, pp.243-275, 1985.
Barnsley, M. F. et al., "Recurrent Iterated Function Systems ", Constructive Approximation, vol: 5, pp.3-31,1989.
Barnsley, M. F., Elton, J. H. and Hardin, D. P., "Harnessing Chaos for Image Synthesis.", SIGGRAPH , vol:22(4), pp.131-140,1988.
Barrett, P. J., "The Shape of Rock Particles, a CriticaI Review.", Sedirnentolopy, vol:27, pp.291-303,1980.
Brandtberg, T. and Walter, F., "Automated Delineation of Indivisual Tree Crowns in High Spatial Resolution Aerial Images by Multiple-Scale Analysis.", Machine Vision and Applications, vol:11, pp.64-73,1998.
Chen, Q., Baldocchi, D., Gong, P. and Kelly, M. , "Isolating Individual Trees in a Savanna Woodland Using Small Footprint Lidar Data.", Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, vol:72, pp.923-932, 2006.
Culvenor, D. S., "TIDA:An Algorithm for Detlineation of Tree Crowns in High Spatial Resolution Remotely Sensed Imagery.", Computers & Geosiences, vol:28, pp.33-44, 2002.
de Reffye, P. H., Edelin, C. and Francon, J., "Plant Models Faithful to Botanical Structure and Development.", Computer Graphics, vol: 22(4), pp.151-158, 1988.
Erikson, M., "Segmentation of Indivisual Tree Crowns in Colour Aerial Photographs Using Region Growing Supported by Fuzzy Rules ", Canadian Edition of Forest Research, vol: 33(8), pp.1557-1563, 2003.
Gong, P., Biging, G. S., Lee, S. M., Sheng, X. Mei., Pu, R., Xu, B., Schwarz, K.P. and Mostafa, M. "Photo Ecometrics for Forest Inventory.", Geographic Information Sciences, vol:5(1), pp. 9-14, 1999.
Gong, P., Mel, X., Blglng, G.S., Zhang, Z., "Improvement of an Oak Canopy Model Extracted from Digital Photogrammetry", Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, vol:63(9), pp.919-924, 2002.
Haala, N., Reulkea, R., Thiesb, M. and Aschoffb, T., " Combination of Terrestrial Laser Scanning with High Resolution Panoramic Images for Investigations in Forest Applications and Tree Species Recognition ", ISPRS,WG1, comission 5., 2004.
Halle, F., "Tropical Trees and Forests: An Architectural Analysis ", Springer-Verlag., Berlin, 1978.
Heurich, M. and Weinacker, H., "Automated Tree Detection and Measurment in Temperate Forests of Central Europe Using Laserscanning Data.", International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol: XXXVI-8/W2, pp.198-203, 2004.
Hollaus,M., Wagner,W., Eberhofer,C. and Karel,W., "Accuracy of Large-scale Canopy Heights Derived from LiDAR Data Under Operational Constraints in a Complex Alpine Environment.", ISPRS, vol:60, pp.323-338, 2006.
Hudak,A., Lefsky,M., Cohen,W. and Berterretche,M., "Integration of Lidar and Landsat ETM+Data.", International Archives of Photogrammetry and remote Sensing, vol: XXXIV-3, pp.22-24, 2001.
Jaeger, M. and De Reffye, P. H., "Basic Concepts of Computer Simulation of Plant Growth.", Journal of Biosciences, vol:17, pp.275-291, 1992.
Jakulin, A., " Interactive Vegetation Rendering with Slicing and Blending ", Short Presentations of Eurographics , pp.1-9, 2000.
Jan, J.-F., "Comparison of Forest Canopy Height Derived Using Lidar Data and Aerial Photos.", TaiwanJ For Sci, vol: 20, pp.13-27, 2005.
Krause, K. and Pfeifer, N., "Determination of Terrain Models in Wooded Areas with Airborne Laser Scanner Data.", ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol:53, pp.193-203, 1998.
Lemmens, M., "Building Detection by Fusing Airborne Laser-altimeter DEMs and 2D Digital Map.", International Archives of Photogrammetry and remote Sensing, vol:32(3-4W2), pp. 42-29, 1997.
Lillesand, T. M., Kiefer, R. W., and Chipman, J. W, "Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation ", No. Ed5., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2004.
Lindenmayer, A., "Mathematical models for cellular interaction in development, parts I and II.", J Theor Biol, vol:18, pp.280-315, 1968.
Lohmann, P., Koch, A. and Schaeffer, M., " Approaches to the Filtering of Laser Scanner Data ", International Archives of Photogrammetry and remote Sensing, vol:33, pp.540-547, 2000.
Magnussen, S. and Boudewyn, P., "Derivation of Stand Heights from Airborne Laser Scanner Data with Canopy-Based Quantile Estimators ", Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol:28, pp.1016-1031, 1998.
Mandelbrot, B. B., "Fractal Geometry of Nature. ", American Journal of Physics, San Fransisco., 1982.
Mass, H. G., "The Potential OF Height Texture Measures for the Segmentation of Airborne Laserscanner Data. ", the Fourth International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada., 2000.
Max, N., Deussen, O. and Keating, B., "Hierarchical Image-Based Rendering Using Texture Mapping Hardware.", 10th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Granada, Spain, 1999.
McGlone, C., Mikhail, E.M., Bether, J., "Manual of Digital Photogrammetry, 5th Edition", American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, 2004.
Mesh, R. and Prusinkiewicz, P. A., "Visual Models of Plants Interacting with Their Environment.", SIGGRAPH 96, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1996.
Meyer, A., Neyret, N., Poulin, P., "Interactive Rendering of Trees with Shading and Shadowing. ", Techniques 2001: Proceedings of the Eurographics, Wien New York, Springer-Verlag, 2001.
Miller, C. L. and Laflamme, R. A., "The Digital Terrain Model - Theory and Application.", Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, vol: 24, pp.433-442, 1958.
O’Neill, M.A. and Dowman. I.J., "The Generation of Epipolar Synthetic Stereo Mates for SPOT Images Using a DEM.", International Archives of Photogrammetry and remote Sensing, vol:27(B3), pp.587-598, 1988.
Persson, A., Holmgren, J. and Soderman, U., "Detecting and Measuring Individual Trees Using an Airborne Laser Scanner.", Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, vol:68(9), pp.925-932, 2002.
Pitkanen,J., Maltamo ,M., Hyyppa, J. and Yu, Y., "Adaptive Methods for Indivisual Tree Detection on Airborne Laser Based Canopy Height Model.", International Archives of Photogrammetry and remote Sensing, vol.XXXVI-8/W2, pp.187-191, 2004.
Pollock, R., "The Automatic Recognition of Individual Trees in Aerial Images of Forests Based on a Synthetic Ttree Crown Image Model. ", Department of Computer Sience Vacouver, Canada, University of British Columbia, 1996
Pouliot, D.A., King, D.J., Bell, F.W and Pitt, D.G., "Automated Tree Crown Detection and Delineation in High-Resolution Digital Camera Imagery of Coniferous Forest Regeneration.", Remote Sensing of Environment, vol:82, pp.322-334, 2002.
Prusinkiewicz, P, "Applications of L-systems to Computer Imagery. ", Graph Grammars and Their Application to Computer Science:Third International Workshop, Springer-Verlag , Berlin , 1987.
Prusinkiewicz, P. A.,"A Look At the Visual Modeling of Plant Using L-system " Agronomie, vol:19, pp.211-224, 1990.
Prusinkiewicz, P. A.., "Animation of Plant Development. ", SIGGRAPH 93, Anaheim, California, pp.351-360., 1993.
Reeves, W. T. and Blau, R., "Approximate and Probabilistic Algorithms for Shading and Rendering Structured Particle Systems. ", Computer Graphics, vol:19(3), pp.313-322, 1985.
Sheng, Y., Gong,P. and Blglng, G.S., "Model-Based Conifercrown Surface Reconstruction from High-Resolution Aerial Images ", Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing , vol:67(8), pp.957-965, 2001.
Smith, A. R., "Plants, Fractals and Formal Languages.", Computer Graphics, vol:18(3), pp.1-10, 1984.
Smith, S.L., Holland, D.A. and Longley, P.A., "The Importance of Understanding Error in LiDAR Elevation Models.", 20th ISPRS conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 2004
Song, J., Han, S. and Yu, Y., "Assessing the Possibility of Land-cover Classification Using Lidar Intensity Data.", Graz, Austria, 2002.
St-Onge, B. and Achaichia, N., "Measuring Forest Canopy Height Using a Combination of Lidar and Aerial Photography Data.", International Archives of Photogrammetry and remote Sensing, vol:ⅩⅩⅩⅣ-3/W4, pp.131-137, 2001.
Straub, B. and Heipke, C., "Automatic Extraction of Trees for 3D-City Models from Images and Height Data.", Automatic Extration of Man-made Objects from Aerial and Space Images, pp.267-277, 2001.
Surez, J. C., Ontiveros, C., Smith, S. and Snape, S., "The Use of Airborne LiDAR and Aerial Photography in the Estimation of Individual Tree Heights in Forestry. ", 7th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science, Heraklion, Greece, 2004.
Vosselman, G. "Slope Based Filtering of Laser Altimetry Data.", International Archives of Photogrammetry and remote Sensing, vol:XXXIII, pp.935-942, 2000.
Waddell, H., "shape and roundness of rock particles.", Jour. Geol.,vol:40, pp.443-451,1932.
Wang, L., Gong, P., Biging, G.S., "Individual Tree-Crown Delineation and Treetop Detection in High-Spatial-Resolution Aerial Imagery.", Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, vol:70(3), pp.351-357, 2004.
Young, B., Evans, D. L. and Parker, R.C., "Methods for Comparison of LiDAR and Field Measurements of Loblolly Pine.", Proceedings of the Scond International Conference, Geospatial Information in Agriculture and Forestry, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA, 2000.
Zhao, K. and Popescu, S., "Hierarchical Watershed Segmentation of Canopy Height Model for Multi-Scale Forest Inventory.", ISPRS Workshop on Laser Scanning 2007 and SilviLaser 2007, Finland, 2007.
毛衛強及潘雲鶴，"植物三維建模方法綜述"，計算機科學，頁35-37，2000。
王蜀嘉及曾義星，"內政部委託研究計畫報告書，2003。
王興元及孫天凱，"擴展的分形L-系統與自然景觀的動態模擬"，中國科技論文在線，http://www.paper.edu.cn/downloadpaper.php?serial_number=200611-97&type=1，2006。
江采薇，"融合光達及高解析影像建立三維植生覆蓋模型"，國立中央大學土木工程研究所碩士論文，2006。
周富晨，"適應性點雲過濾演算法於空載光達資料產生數值高程模型之研究"，國立成功大學測量與空間資訊研究所碩士論文，2004。
周富晨及曾義星，"適應性點雲過濾演算法於空載光達資料產生數值高程模型之研究"，航測及遙測學刊，10卷1期，2005。
林達德，"虛擬植物系統"，http://140.112.94.11/~ttlin/shortcource.htm，2006。
侯加林、王一鳴、董喬雪及張軍，"虛擬植物生長的研究現狀與發展趨勢"，農業機械學報，35卷3期，頁159-163。
胡包鋼、趙星、嚴紅平、de Reffye, P. H.、Blaise, F.、熊范綸及王一鳴，"植物生長建模與可視化-回顧與展望"，自動化學報，27卷6期，頁816-835。
孫永香、劉彤、鄭永果及葛平俱，"虛擬植物的建模方法"，系統仿真學報，18卷，頁263-266。
馬淑敏，"應用高解析遙測影像進行立木偵測及樹冠描繪"，國立中央大學土木工程研究所碩士論文，2006。
淮永建、王梅峰、左正興及黃心淵，"虛擬環境中森林植被的實時可視化技術研究"，計算機工程與應用，35卷，頁33-36，2004。
許友南，"機器視覺為基礎之銲錫瑕疵偵測與分類"，私立元智大學工業程與管理研究所碩士論文，1999。
陳永寬、詹進發、葉生、鄭祈全及施瑩瑄，"應用地面雷射掃描儀測算樹高之研究"，航測及遙測學刊，10卷4期，頁13-25，2005。
湯美華，"空載光達點雲及地形圖輔助生產真實正射影像之研究"，國立成功大學測量與空間資訊研究所碩士論文，2006。
萬剛、陳剛及游雄，"虛擬城市中地物幾何建模技術的研究"，測繪學報，31卷，頁60-65，2002。
靳國棟、劉衍聰及牛文傑，"距離加權反比插值法和克裏金插值法的比較"，長春工業大學學報(自然科學版)，24卷3期，頁53-57，20