在光通訊的領域中，為了達到更佳的雜訊抑制，長週期光纖光柵(Long-period fiber grating, LPFG)已被廣泛研究和應用在光纖通訊系統上。但是光纖在元件的實現上會有幾何形狀和材料選擇上的限制，為了要消除光纖在製作上的限制和實現元件積體化，長週期波導光柵(Long period waveguide grating, LPWG)已被提出研究和實現。由於傳統的光柵濾波器只可工作在單一的波長，無法應用於過濾多個波長的特殊頻譜需求，因此進而促使像高密度分波多工系統(DWDM)的問世。但此類元件多半由兩個或兩個以上的獨立濾波器去達到其工作需求，在後續的元件積體化整合上將會變得更加困難，但使用相移式(phase-shift)長週期光柵去達到兩個甚至以上的抑制頻帶則可滿足此需求。
在此論文中，我們利用二次質子交換(two-step proton-exchange)與三次質子交換(three-step proton-exchange)技術成功地在LiNbO3基板上製作出長週期波導光柵元件。其元件光柵週期為Λ=50 μm。第一次質子交換主要是製作平面波導披覆層，其溫度控制在280°C，時間為4個小時，熱退火溫度為400°C，時間為120分鐘，而第二次質子交換法主要是製作波導層，其溫度控制在280°C，時間為120分鐘，在此我們利用兩種不同的方式製作光柵。其一光柵製作是利用Pri-500 Ǻ光阻，經由標準的黃光微影製作而成。其二光柵是利用硬脂酸，經由質子交換技術製作而成。其溫度控制在280°C，時間為30 min。在後續的量測結果顯示此相位光柵元件光波長抑制對比度(dip contrast)最大可達到19.73dB，半高全寬(FWHM)約為2.34nm，共振波長為1563.68nm，其模擬與實驗結果都相符合。
接著利用相位移長週期光柵理論設計出2、3、4、5等4種不同區段(section)的相位移長週期光柵，而隨著區段數M的增加，其兩個主要抑制頻帶之間的旁瓣(sidelobes)數為M2。而隨著區段數M的增加，兩個主共振頻帶，會沿著中心波長的兩側向外延伸。

In this thesis, we have fabricated a long-period grating on lithium niobate (LiNbO3) with a channel waveguide buried in slab cladding using a two-step proton exchange. The optical gratings are produced by two different techniques. The first method involves the grating formed on the waveguide surface using PRI-500Ǻphotoresist patterned by a standard photolithography. Additionally, the phase grating is also produced with a proton-exchange technique adopted. The phase-shifted long period gratings with a finite number (M) of sections cascaded together are also designed and fabricated.

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第五章
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