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研究生： 陳致融
Chen, Chih-Jung
論文名稱： 挾帶床氣化爐中煤炭及生質物氣化之數值模擬及最佳化
Numerical Simulation and Optimization of Coal and Biomass Gasification in an Entrained-bed Gasifier
指導教授： 洪振益
Hung, Chen-I
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 工學院 - 機械工程學系
Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年： 2013
畢業學年度： 101
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 144
中文關鍵詞： 氣化 、淨煤技術 、田口方法 、挾帶床式氣化爐 、FLUENT 、冷氣效率
外文關鍵詞： Gasification, Clean coal technology, Taguchi method, Entrained-flow gasifier, FLUENT, Coal gas efficiency
相關次數： 點閱：102  下載：1 
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    • 對於淨煤技術的發展當中，氣化是一個重要的關鍵技術，而氣化技術也可應用在煤炭之外的物質，生質物是現今世界上相當重要的再生能源，而生質物就可以和煤炭一起當混合進料應用於氣化技術當中，此稱之為共氣化技術，因此，本研究之目的是尋求適當的氣化操作過程，而本研究發展了一個數值模擬方法來預報挾帶床式氣化爐的氣化過程，著重點在於氣化爐噴口形式對於合成氣產量之影響，蒸氣及煤炭的比例也被考慮為氫氣產量的影響因素，當氧氣從中央進口噴入，煤炭從中間環型入口噴入時，可獲得較佳的氣化結果，其中碳轉化率及冷氣效率各為89及72%，而增加蒸氣雖會降低碳轉化率但會增加冷氣效率。
    對於不同進料的氣化結果，其顯示出不論是使用竹子、培燒後的竹子、或是煤炭而言，氣化的碳轉化率都高於90%以上，而竹子的冷氣效率較低，主因為竹子的熱值較低，而當竹子經過培燒處理後，其氣化結果會被改善並類似於煤炭氣化的結果，而對於三種進料的最佳氧燃比為0.9、0.7、0.7，對應的當量比分別為為0.692、0.434、0.357。
    而另一方面，由於氣化是一個複雜的熱傳導過程，氣化的結果會被許多因素所影響，因此，本研究另加入使用田口方法來對氣化過程進行最佳化設計。而研究結果顯示最佳化的條件為壁溫1500K，氧燃比為0.6，進料種類為煤炭以及氣化爐壓力為3Mpa；而各個變因對於氣化結果的影響強度為進料＞氧燃比＞壁溫＞壓力，最佳化配置的的訊號雜訊比為13.40，此結果優於其餘所有的實驗配比。
    模擬結果顯示本研究所開發之數值計算方法能準確提供合成氣的產量預測，對於氣化爐的入口外型設計則是建議氧氣從中央入口噴入，而煤炭從環型入口噴入，研究顯示本噴口設計可獲得最佳之氣化結果，而田口方法的結果顯示田口方法能夠有效的應用於氣化過程的最佳化設計。

    Gasification plays an important role in the development of clean coal technology. In addition, not only coal but also other materials can be employed as feedstocks in gasification. Biomass is an important source of renewable energy in the world. It can also be gasified with coal through co-gasification. Therefore, the objective of this study is to seek appropriate operations for gasification process, the present study develops a numerical method to predict coal gasification phenomena in an entrained-flow gasifier. Particular emphasis is placed on the influence of injection pattern upon synthesis gas (syngas) production. The parameter of steam/coal ratio is also taken into account to evaluate its impact on hydrogen generation. With oxygen injected from the center inlet and coal from the middle ring inlet of the reactor, the operating pattern gives the best performance of coal gasification where the carbon conversion (CC) and coal gas efficiency (CGE) are 89 and 72%, respectively. Increasing steam into the reactor reduces CC and less CO is generated.
    For the results of gasaification by different feeds, the obtained results suggest that in all cases, the carbon conversions of the three fuels are higher than 90%. However, the cold gasification efficiency for raw bamboo is low, mainly due to the relatively lower calorific value of the material. In the case of the torrefied bamboo fuel, the gasification performance is enhanced significantly and is quite similar to the coal gasification under the same conditions. It appears that the optimum oxygen-to-fuel mass flow ratios for the gasification of raw bamboo, torrefied bamboo, and coal are 0.9, 0.7, and 0.7, and their equivalence ratios are 0.692, 0.434, and 0.357, respectively.
    On the other hand, Gasification is a very complex thermal conversion process. The result of gasification is influenced by many factors. Hence, the present study was conducted to optimize the gasification process in an entrained-flow gasifier through the application of the Taguchi method. Results suggest that the optimum conditions are a wall temperature of 1500 K, an O/F ratio of 0.6, coal feed type and a gasifier pressure of 3 MPa. The influence strength order of each control condition is feed type＞O/F ratio＞wall temperature＞pressure. The value of the S/N ratio for the optimum case is 13.40, which is the highest value compared to other cases.
    The simulations suggest that the developed numerical method is able to provide an accurate prediction on syngas formation. With oxygen injected from the center inlet and coal from the middle ring inlet of the reactor, the operating pattern gives the best performance of coal gasification. Analysis of the Taguchi method was used to evaluate the calculation results. Results show that the Taguchi method is able to investigate the gasification process well.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS 中文摘要 I 誌謝 V TABLE OF CONTENTS VI LIST OF TABLES IX LIST OF FIGURES XI NOMENCLATURE XV CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 THEORY OF THE GASIFICATION PHENOMENON AND CALCULATION PARAMETER 6 2.1 Configuration of the Gasifier 6 2.2 Chemical reactions 6 2.3 Parameters and performance indices 9 2.4 Taguchi method 11 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 14 3.1 Assumptions 14 3.2 Governing equations 15 3.3 Devolatilization model 20 3.4 Discrete phase model 22 3.5 Boundary conditions 25 3.6 Validation of chemical reaction 26 CHAPTER 4 INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE OF COAL GASIFICATION UNDER VARIOUS INJECTION PATTERNS 29 4.1 Configuration of the Gasifier 31 4.2 Validation of temperature distribution 32 4.3 Effect of oxygen inlet pattern 34 4.4 Effect of coal inlet pattern 38 4.5 Effect of steam 45 4.6 Conclusions 50 CHAPTER 5 COMPARISON OF GASIFICATION PHENOMENA AMONG RAW BIOMASS, TORREFIED BIOMASS AND COAL 52 5.1 Geometry of reactor 54 5.2 Gasification phenomena 56 5.3 Syngas formation and gasification performance 63 5.4 The effect of O/F ratio on gasification 67 5.5 Gasification performance at various equivalence ratios 72 5.6 Conclusions 75 CHAPTER 6 OPTIMIZATION OF CO-GASIFICATION PROCESS USING THE TAGUCHI METHOD 77 6.1. Validation of temperature distribution 81 6.1.1 Parameters analysis by the Taguchi method 82 6.1.1 Optimum case compared with original cases 90 6.1.2 Gasification phenomena 95 6.2 Taguchi approach for co-gasification 99 6.2.1 Parameter analysis 103 6.2.2 Optimum co-gasification 108 6.2.3 Reaction phenomena 114 6.3 Conclusions 118 CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK 120 7.1 Investigation on performance of coal gasification under various injection patterns 120 7.2 A comparison of gasification phenomena among raw biomass, torrefied biomass and coal 121 7.3 Optimization of Co-gasification Process 123 7.4 Future work 125 REFERENCES 126 自述 143 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Proximate and elemental analyses of the tested coal and inlet conditions. 9 Table 3.1. Parameters of adopted chemical kinetics. 18 Table 3.2. Parameters of devolatilization model. 22 Table 4. 1. A list of case study and operating conditions. 35 Table 5.1. Proximate, elemental, and calorific analyses of fuels. 57 Table 6.1. Factors, levels of control parameters. 83 Table 6.2. The L9(34) orthogonal array (Byrne and Taguchi,1986). 85 Table 6.3. Effect and rank of S/N ratio for each factor. 89 Table 6.4. Proximate and elemental analyses of fuels. 100 Table 6.5. Factors, levels of control parameters and control conditions of each case run. 102 Table 6.6. Level combination of designed experiments and results in L25 (56) orthogonal array. 105 Table 6.7. Level combination for co-gasification comparison in six cases. 110 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 2. 2. Taguchi Loss Function (Taguchi, 1990). 11 Fig. 4.1. Schematics of (a) the entrained-flow gasifier and (b) the top view of the gasifier inlet. 32 Fig. 4.2. Temperature distributions at the exit of the gasifier under various grid systems. 33 Fig. 4.3. Isothermal contours in the gasifier (Case 1, 2 and 3). 37 Fig. 4.4. Profiles of gaseous concentrations in the product gas (Case 1, 2 and 3). 38 Fig. 4.5. Isothermal contours in the gasifier (Case 2, 4, 5 and 6). 41 Fig. 4.6. Concentration contours of CO and CO2 (Case 2, 4, 5 and 6). 42 Fig. 4.7. Profiles of gaseous concentrations in the product gas (Case 2, 4, 5 and 6). 43 Fig. 4. 8. Profiles of carbon conversion and cold gas efficiency (Case 2, 4, 5 and 6). 44 Fig. 4.9. Isothermal contours in the gasifier (Case 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10). 46 Fig. 4.10. Profiles of gaseous concentrations in the product gases (Case 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10). 47 Fig. 4.11. Profiles of (a) syngas concentration and (b) carbon conversion and cold gas efficiency (Case 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10). 49 Fig. 5.1. Schematics of (a) geometry and (b) grid system of the investigated entrained-flow gasifier. 55 Fig. 5.2. Isothermal profiles of the gasification of (a) raw bamboo, (b) torrefied bamboo, and (c) coal (O/F=0.9). 60 Fig. 5.3. Concentration profiles of CO and H2 for the gasification of (a) raw bamboo, (b) torrefied bamboo, and (c) coal (O/F=0.9). 61 Fig. 5.4. Concentration profiles of H2O and CO2 for the gasification of (a) raw bamboo, (b) torrefied bamboo, and (c) coal (O/F=0.9). 63 Fig. 5.5. Profiles of mole fractions of CO, H2, and syngas in product gases (O/F=0.9). 65 Fig. 5.6. Profiles of carbon conversion and cold gas efficiency for different fuels (O/F=0.9). 67 Fig. 5.7. Profiles of (a) the mean temperature at the exit of the gasifier and (b) mole fraction of syngas at various O/F ratios. 69 Fig. 5.8. Distributions of gas concentration in the product gas from the gasification of (a) raw bamboo, (b) torrefied bamboo, and (c) coal at various O/F ratios. 71 Fig. 5.9. Distribution of carbon conversion versus equivalence ratio. 73 Fig. 5.10. Distributions of cold gas efficiency versus equivalence ratio. 74 Fig. 6.1. Temperature distributions at the exit of the gasifier under various grid systems. 82 Fig. 6.2. Profiles of (a) cold gas efficiency and (b) S/N ratio of different cases. 87 Fig. 6.3. The parameter effects on the mean S/N ratio and factors for gasification process optimization. 90 Fig. 6.4. Profiles of (a) cold gas efficiency and (b) S/N ratio of optimum case compared with original cases. 92 Fig. 6.5. Isothermal contours of original cases and optimum case. 94 Fig. 6.6. Distributions of gas concentrations in the product gas from the gasification of original cases and the optimum case. 95 Fig. 6.7. Concentration profiles of CO and H2 of the gasification of original cases and the optimum case. 96 Fig. 6.8. Concentration profiles of CO2 and H2O of the gasification of original cases and the optimum case. 98 Fig. 6.9. Profiles of (a) mean S/N ratio and (b) effect value of factor. 107 Fig. 6.10. Profiles of (a) CGE and CC and (b) S/N ratio. 112 Fig. 6.11. Profiles of CO, H2, CO2, H2, and syngas concentrations in the product gas. 114 Fig. 6.12. Isothermal contours in the gasifier at six cases. 115 Fig. 6.13. Concentration contours of (a) CO and H2 and (b) CO2 and H2O in the gasifier at six cases. 117

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