壬基酚與雙酚A廣泛用於工業製程與民生製品中，於製造、使用過程可能會透過工業及生活廢水排放而進入環境中，過去環境流布相關研究已證實壬基酚與雙酚A廣泛存在於環境介質與生物體中。由於壬基酚與雙酚A皆屬內分泌干擾物，可干擾生物體內分泌系統正常的運作，因此對其在環境中之流布調查研究須特別加以重視。此外，毒性化學物質(以下簡稱毒化物)之環境流布調查為管理上之重要工作，環境流布資料可用於暴露風險評估，進而作為毒性化學物質管制、暴露風險評估、減量策略及技術之參考。
由於毒化物之環境流布調查需耗費大量人力、物力及時間，為有效運用有限之人力、物力及經費，運用多介質傳輸模式進行初步模擬，以篩選出重要之毒化物或發生蓄積之主要環境介質，已為重要之環境流布研究課題。在各種多介質傳輸模式中，以fugacity model較為廣泛運用毒化物之流布模擬。因此本研究使用fugacity model進行壬基酚與雙酚A之環境流布模擬，並與實測值比對，以探討模擬所需參數之完備性與準確性。本研究之主要的目的為（一）調查臺灣地區主要河川中水體、底泥與魚體中壬基酚及雙酚A流布情形，(二) 收集、討論環境流布模擬所需參數資料，運用fugacity model模擬臺灣地區河川中各環境介質壬基酚及雙酚A之濃度並與實測值比對，(三)以環境介質中壬基酚及雙酚A實測濃度推估土壤吸附係數(log Koc)、生物-底泥累積係數(Biota-sediment accumulative factor, BSAF)與生物濃縮因子(Bioconcentration factor, BCF)，並探討各係數與壬基酚及雙酚A於介質中累積之相關性。
本研究完成2012年台灣10條河川水體、底泥及魚體樣本採樣及分析，並收集2009-2011年台灣21條河川枯水期與豐水期之水體、底泥及魚體樣本資料，作為比對資料。結果顯示所有水體、底泥及魚體樣本皆可檢測出壬基酚、雙酚A濃度，水體中平均濃度分別為1.02（0.01-10.02）μg/L、0.94（0.01-33.36）μg/L，底泥中平均濃度為1663.47（1.98-19624.13）μg/kg dw、26.97（0.07-471.33）μg/kg dw，而魚體中平均濃度分別為358.79（11.79-3213.86）μg/kg dw、10.58（0.22-145.62）μg/kg dw。透過上述環境流布資料調查，實際了解壬基酚與雙酚A於台灣河川各環境介質中分布情形，並作為模擬結果比對之數據。本研究進一步收集fugacity model模擬所需之相關參數，包含壬基酚與雙酚A之物理化學特性、模擬流域之環境參數及壬基酚、雙酚A之排放量，以輸入fugacity model進行模擬。壬基酚依照釋放量比例與運作量之推估差異及合理性，共分四種排放情境進行模擬，水體模擬濃度平均值分別為7.015、1.874、0.200與6.257μg/L，底泥模擬濃度平均值分別為1789.007、545.684、62.274與1400.899μg/kg dw；而雙酚A則共分十種排放情境進行模擬，水體模擬濃度平均值分別為0.276、0.003、0.179、0.002、0.372、0.004、0.370、0.134、0.047與0.236μg/L，底泥模擬濃度平均值分別為4.544、0.039、1.996、0.019、4.152、0.040、7.226、3.215、1.032與3.476μg/kg dw。將壬基酚、雙酚A之實測值與模擬值進行比對，在合理排放情境下，考量各目的用途運用分布、釋放比例與污水處理效能，模擬結果顯示，壬基酚水體與底泥實測濃度與模擬值之比值分別為290與28，雙酚A水體與底泥實測值與模擬值之比值分別為1.14與2.68；然而在資料不足下，僅考慮流域人口比例的排放情境下，發現所模擬的結果與壬基酚、雙酚A之水體及底泥實測值反而較為接近，壬基酚實測值與模擬值之比值分別為6與0.6，雙酚A水體及底泥實測濃度與模擬值之比值分別為0.88與0.84，說明了相較於合理排放情境之模擬結果，僅考慮流域人口比例的排放情境模擬值與實測值較相近，顯示各流域壬基酚與雙酚A排放量計算為主要影響之原因，代表台灣壬基酚與雙酚A排放量資料之完備性及準確性需加以改善。
環境流布調查資料除了用以比對模擬結果外，亦可運用實測濃度計算log Koc、BSAF及BCF，計算結果顯示壬基酚與雙酚A log Koc平均值分別為4.62與3.36，BSAF平均值(範圍)分別為12.55(0.003-245.598)與9.63(0.003-188.889)，BCF平均值(範圍)分別為2994.94(3.18-25991.89)與118.35(1.04-1182.92)，進一步以spearman相關性分析探討彼此間之相關性，分析結果顯示log Koc與底泥中壬基酚與雙酚A濃度呈顯著正相關，BSAF則依魚種棲息特性(底棲與浮游魚類)而有不同，其中壬基酚與雙酚A在浮游魚類中之BSAF皆與log Koc呈顯著負相關，推測可能原因係浮游魚類相較於底棲型魚類不易攝取沉積於底泥中的食物，因此體內累積情形較底棲魚類低。

Nonylphenol (NP) and Bisphenol A (BPA) are widely used in industrial and household applications. These chemicals may discharge into the environment with industrial and domestic wastewater. Numerous studies have found that NP and BPA widely existed in the environment and biota. Due to NP and BPA are endocrine disruptors able to disrupt reproductive system, it is important to investigate the occurrence of NP and BPA in the environment. The occurrence of toxic substance in the environment can be used to assess exposure risk. Furthermore, it will be as a reference for the management, exposure risk assessment and reduction strategies development of toxic substance. Monitoring of occurrence of toxic substances need lots of manpower and budget, and is difficult to perform due to both temporal and spatial sampling restricts. How to select media which toxic substances will be accumulated to implement the environmental monitoring is the major topic to concern. The fugacity model is one of the multimedia dispersion models and widely used to provide an efficient way to predict the occurrence of contaminants in the environment, and was used as multimedia dispersion models in present study. The objectives of this study are:(1) to investigate the concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A in water, sediment and fishes from principal rivers in Taiwan; (2) to collect and integrate the parameters which is needed for multimedia dispersion simulation and to discuss the integrity and precision,then using fugacity model to predict the concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A in different environmental media of rivers in Taiwan; (3) to estimate organic carbon-water partition coefficient (log Koc), biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) and bioconcentration factor (BCF) using the measured concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A in environmental media.
In present study, water, sediment and fish samples in 10 major rivers were sampled in 2012, NP and BPA concentration of those media were measured. The measured NP and BPA concentrations of river water, sediment and fish from twenty one principal rivers in Taiwan during 2009-2011 were collected and integrated to compare with simulative data from fugacity model. The result showed that the mean (range) concentrations of NP in river water, sediment and fish were 1.02 (0.01-10.02) μg/L, 1663.47 (1.98-19624.13) μg/kg dw and 358.79 (11.79-3213.86) μg/kg dw, respectively. The mean (range) concentrations of BPA in river water, sediment and fish were 0.94 (0.01-33.36) μg/L, 26.97 (0.07-471.33) μg/kg dw and 10.58（0.22-145.62）μg/kg dw, respectively. The physical and chemical properties of NP and BPA, environmental parameters of sampling sites and emissions quantities of NP and BPA were collected to simulate the concentrations of NP and BPA in river water and sediment using fugacity model. The simulative concentrations of NP in water and sediment were performed according to four scenarios based on the rationality of release and operation pattern. The mean simulative levels are 7.015, 1.874, 0.200 and 6.257μg/L in water and 1789.007, 545.684, 62.274 and 1400.899μg/kg dw in sediment, respectively. The simulations of BPA concentration in water and sediment were performed according to ten scenarios based on the rationality of release and operation pattern.The mean of simulative levels are 0.276, 0.003, 0.179, 0.002, 0.372, 0.004, 0.370, 0.134, 0.047 and 0.236 μg/L in water and 4.544, 0.039, 1.996, 0.019, 4.152, 0.040, 7.226, 3.215, 1.032 and 3.476 μg/kg dw in sediment, respectively. Comparing the measured and simulative concentrations of NP and BPA, the ratio of measurement and simulation in water are 290 and 1.14, then in sediment are 28 and 2.68 for reasonable scenario which consider specific usage, release ratio and wastewater treatment efficacy. Relatively, the ratio of measured and simulative concentrations in water are 6 and 0.88, and 0.6 and 0.84 in sediment for the scenario only population density of watershed was considered. The results shows that the emission quantities of NP and BPA contributed the great impact to simulative levels, the integrity and precision of emission quantities of NP and BPA should be identified. Finally, the measured concentrations of NP and BPA in the media were used to calculate the log Koc, BSAF and BCF. The log Koc of NP and BPA are varied from 3.42-6.62 and 2.29-4.62, respectively. The BSAF of NP and BPA in different fishes are varied from 0.003-245.598 and 0.003-188.889, respectively. The BCF of NP and BPA in different fishes are varied from 3.18-25991.89 and 1.04-1182.92, respectively. Furthermore, we found log Koc are positively associated with the concentrations of NP and BPA in sediment according to the Spearman correlation analysis. On the other hand, the BSAF of NP and BPA in pelagic fish are negatively associated with log Koc. According to the result, feeding habits in fish may be the important parameter. Compared with pelagic fish, demersal fish live and feed near sediment, the accumulation of NP and BPA in demersal fish may be higher than pelagic fish.

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行政院環保署環境檢驗所，”環境檢驗室儀器及方法偵測極限測定指引”，NIEA PA107
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