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研究生： 區嘉鋭
Au, Ka-Yui
論文名稱： 從蜘蛛脈衝星至過渡脈衝星的研究
An Observational Study from Spider Millisecond Pulsars (MSPs) to Transitional MSPs (tMSPs)
指導教授： 李君樂
Li, Kwan-Lok
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 理學院 - 物理學系
Department of Physics
論文出版年： 2026
畢業學年度： 114
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 121
中文關鍵詞： 毫秒脈衝星 、伽瑪射線源 、X 光雙星系統 、緻密雙星系統
外文關鍵詞： Millisecond pulsars, Gamma-ray sources, X-rays binaries, Compact binary stars
相關次數： 點閱：72  下載：2 
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    • 毫秒脈衝星(MSPs)其實是一顆自轉週期達毫秒等級的中子星。在 MSPs 底下有兩 類雙星系統，分別是蜘蛛脈衝星和過度脈衝星。他們代表了 MSP 產生的循環理論中 不同的重要階段，其確實的存在正為這套理論提供了重大的證據。在這篇論文中， 我們將會展示兩項關於這兩類毫秒脈衝星系統的科學結果。
    第一個部分我們展示出對一粒新的赤背蜘蛛脈衝星在不同波段的研究結果，它的名 字是 PSR J1910−5320。我們在費米大面積望遠鏡(Fermi-LAT)提供的其中一個未 確認伽瑪射線源(4FGL J1910.7−5320)的 95% 信心等級的位置範圍內，從卡塔琳娜 實時瞬變源巡天星表(CRTS)中發現一個具有 8.36 小時軌道週期的雙星系統，並由 南方天文物理研究(SOAR)望遠鏡確認其可見光光譜。在這個位置範圍內，我們也 透過錢卓拉 X 射線天文台(Chandra)12.6 千秒的觀察中找到對應的 X 光源。及後， 一個計畫名為「利用 MeerKAT 觀測瞬變源和脈衝星」獨立地發現了 J1910 的無線電 脈衝，確認它是一顆新的赤背蜘蛛脈衝星。
    而第二個部分我們則專注在 PSR J1023+0038，它是目前三顆已知的過渡脈衝星的其 中一顆。我們透過重新分析 XMM-牛頓衛星對 J1023 在過渡脈衝星期間的觀察，希 望能夠了解在 J1023 中，X 光和伴星加熱源的關係。我們發現了一個可能的反相關 趨勢，當藍光軌道光變曲線的震幅較弱時，X 光通量會比較強。基於不同的分析方 法，其顯著性落在 1.7σ 至 3.1σ 之間。除此之外，一個跟 X 光低發射模式有關的可 見光-X 光的反相關性也在多個，但不是全部的 XMM-牛頓衛星觀察中被發現。這些 反相關性可能顯示出，當 X 光通量較弱時，伴星加熱源通常會較強，即表明 X 光應 該不是伴星加熱源。

    Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are neutron stars with a very short spin period on the order of milliseconds. There are two subclasses of MSP binaries, called spider pulsars and transitional MSPs, which represent important stages and evidence for the theory that produces MSPs: the recycling scenario. In this thesis project, we will present two scientific results about the MSP systems.
    The first part of this thesis project is the multiwavelength observational results of a new redback, PSR J1910−5320. In the 4FGL 95% error region of the unidentified Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) source, 4FGL J1910.7−5320, we find a possible binary with a 8.36 hr orbital period from the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey, confirmed by optical spectroscopy using the SOAR telescope. In this error region, an X-ray counterpart was also identified for J1910 by using 12.6 ks Chandra X-ray observation. After the pulsations of J1910 were discovered by the TRAPUM project independently, J1910 was confirmed to be a new redback system.
    The second part focuses on PSR J1023+0038, which is one of the three known tMSPs. We reanalyzed the XMM-Newton observations of J1023 and present the relation between X-ray and the heating effect in J1023, with which we find a general trend that the amplitude of the B-band orbital modulation was lower when the observed X-ray flux was higher. Depending on the analysis method adopted, the statistical significance of the anti-correlation can be from 1.7σ to 3.1σ. Moreover, another X-ray/optical correlation regarding the low modes of the system was found in some of the XMM-Newton observations, and the astrophysical reason behind is currently unclear yet. These anti-correlations likely suggest that the irradiation is generally stronger when the X-ray flux is in a fainter state, indicating that there is a more dominant irradiation source than the X-ray emission.

    摘要 i Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Contents iv List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Nomenclature xi Related Work xiii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Pulsar 1 1.2. Millisecond pulsar 2 1.3. Spider pulsar 5 1.3.1.  X-Ray emissions and modulations from the Intrabinary shock (IBS) model 9 1.3.2.  γ-Ray emissions and the possible modulations 11 1.3.3.  Optical emissions and modulations 14 1.3.4.  Hunting spiders 16 1.4. The Origin of Spider MSPs 18 1.5. Transitional Millisecond Pulsars(tMSPs) 19 1.5.1. M28I – PSR J1824-2452I 20 1.5.2. PSR J1023+0038 22 1.5.3. PSR J1227−4853 22 1.6. PSR J1023+0038 – The Sub-Luminous state . 23 1.6.1. The brightening in UV, X-ray and γ-ray 23 1.6.2. X-Ray properties 24 1.6.3. Radio emission 24 1.6.4. Optical and UV emission 25 1.6.5. Pulsations in the sub-luminous state 27 1.6.6. Flares 28 1.7. Theoretical Models for J1023 in the Sub-Luminous State 28 Chapter 2. Instruments 30 2.1. Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) 30 2.2. Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXO) 32 2.3. X-Ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton) 32 Chapter 3. Multiwavelength Observations of a New Redback Millisecond Pulsar PSR J1910-5320 36 3.1.  Searching for Spider MSP Candidates with 4FGL/CRTS 37 3.2.  4FGL J1910.7−5320 – PSR J1910−5320, A New Redback MSP 38 3.2.1. CRTS surveys data and VizieR Photometry viewer 38 3.2.2. SOAR spectroscopy 40 3.2.3. Chandra X-ray analysis 43 3.2.4. Fermi-LAT γ-ray analysis 45 3.3.  4FGL J2029.5−4237 – PSR J2029−4239, An Isolated MSP 47 3.4.  Summary and Discussion 48 3.4.1. X-ray orbital modulation of J1910 49 3.4.2. Strong irradiation signature of J1910? 49 3.4.3. 4FGL J2029.5−4237 50 3.4.4. Radio pulsations of PSRJ1910−5320 50 3.4.5. Further comparison between black widows and redbacks 51 Chapter 4. Two Possible Optical-X-Ray Anti-correlations of PSR J1023+0038 59 4.1.  Data Reduction 60 4.1.1. X-Ray spectra 61 4.1.2. EPIC and OM light curves 62 4.2.  An Anti-Correlation Between the Optical MA and X-Ray (and γ-Ray Possibly) Emission 62 4.2.1. Optical modulation amplitude 64 4.2.2. X-Ray low/high modes occurrence rate 66 4.2.3. X-Ray mean/median 67 4.2.4. Classifications of the XMM-Newton observations 71 4.2.5. X-Ray spectral parameters of the XMM-Newton observations 76 4.2.6. Fermi-LAT 78 4.3.  A Low-Mode Anti-Correlation Between the EPIC and OM Data 84 4.3.1. Quantization of the anti-correlation 84 4.4.  Discussion 85 4.4.1. The MA–X-ray anti-correlation 85 4.4.2. The varying low-mode anti-correlation 88 4.5.  Conclusion 89 Chapter 5. Future Work 91 5.1. Complete the J1910 X-Ray Light Curve 91 5.2.  Looking for the J1023 Irradiation/γ-Ray Relation with TESS 92 5.3.  Searching for the Stability of the Radio-X-Ray Anti-Correlation 92 References 93

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