海上貿易路線所促成的歷史交流，建立印度與各地區之間的重要文化互動，特別是東南亞地區。印度商人與探險家，尤其是在南印度王朝如帕拉瓦王朝與朱羅王朝的鼎盛時期，對宗教信仰、習俗及藝術的發展與傳播發揮重要作用，使印度教與佛教在東南亞被廣泛採納，導致該地區興建大量寺廟與佛寺；然而，文化影響很少像貿易那樣是單向的。本研究提出這些地區之間存在一種互動性的關係，其特徵是雙向的交互影響，而非單向輸出的影響模式。
本論文旨在梳理南印度與東南亞之間建築影響的軌跡，既考察印度風格向外傳播的情況，也探討可能存在的交互影響。以印度教寺廟建築作為這些文化交流的具體代表，本研究對12世紀以前的三個重要寺廟群進行比較分析：
1）位於南印度甘吉布勒姆的「凱拉薩納塔廟」，建於8世紀帕拉瓦王朝時期，是早期南印度寺廟建築的典範；
2）位於印尼中爪哇的「普蘭巴南寺廟」，建於9世紀桑加雅王朝時期，是承載印度影響的東南亞寺廟建築的重要案例；
3）位於南印度坦賈武爾的「布里哈迪斯瓦拉神廟」，建於11世紀初朱羅王朝時期，將被用來探討可能從東南亞傳回南印度的交互影響。
研究方法包括在各自的社會政治背景下對這三座寺廟進行歷史脈絡梳理，並對其建築風格深入分析比較研究，包括平面配置、裝飾風格及構造特徵。印度建築影響進入東南亞的主要途徑，將透過凱拉薩納塔廟與普蘭巴南寺廟的比較來分析。隨後，普蘭巴南寺廟與布里哈迪斯瓦拉神廟的比較，將探討東南亞概念是否對後期南印度寺廟設計發生影響。透過對這些標的性建築的分析，本研究旨在推進對南印度與東南亞交織建築歷史的深刻理解，而非單向的影響觀念，承認一種更複雜且雙向的交流模式。

The historical exchange facilitated by maritime trade routes established significant cultural interactions between India and various regions, particularly in Southeast Asia. Indian merchants and explores, especially during the prominence of South Indian dynasties like the Pallavas and Cholas, were instrumental in disseminating religious beliefs, customs, and artistic traditions, leading to the widespread adoption and acceptance of Hinduism and Buddhism resulting in construction of numerous temples and viharas across Southeast Asia. However, cultural influence is rarely unidirectional just like the trade. This research posits an interactive relationship between these regions, characterized by a mutual exchange of impact contrary to an outward model of influence.
This thesis seeks to map the trajectory of architectural influence between South India and Southeast Asia, by examining both the outward dissemination of Indian styles as well as the potential for reciprocal influences. Emphasising on Hindu temple architecture as a tangible representation of these cultural exchanges, this study undertakes a comparative analysis of three significant temple complexes predating the 12th century. 1)The "Kailasanathar" temple of Kanchipuram, South India, dating back to Pallava dynasty built during 8th century serves as an exemplar of early South Indian temple architecture. 2) The "Prambanan" temple in Central Java, Indonesia dating back to Sanjaya dynasty built in 9th century, represents a key instance of Southeast Asian temple construction bearing Indian influences. 3) Finally, the "Brihadeshwara" temple of Tanjore, South India dating back to Chola dynasty, built during early 11th century will be examined to explore potential reciprocal influences emanating from Southeast Asia back towards South India.
The approach involves a historical contextualization of each temple within its respective socio-political environment in addition to a thorough comparative evaluation of the architectural styles, including layout, ornamentation, and structural features. The primary avenues of Indian architectural influence into Southeast Asia will be analysed by comparing the Kailasanathar temple with the Prambanan temple. Subsequently, a comparison between the Prambanan temple and the Brihadeshwara temple will explore the possibility of Southeast Asian concepts having influenced later South Indian temple design. This analysis of these iconic monuments seeks to advance a nuanced understanding of the interwoven architectural histories of South India and Southeast Asia, going beyond a notion of straightforward unidirectional influence to acknowledge a more intricate and bilateral exchange.

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