說話者導向副詞是用來傳達說話者對命題主觀看法或態度的副詞，它包含了言語行為副詞、評價副詞和情態副詞。在漢語研究中，前人主要著重於探究情態副詞的特性，言語行為副詞和評價副詞的研究相對較少，因此本文旨在探討用來表達對已認定為事實的命題所抱持之態度的評價副詞。本文以評價副詞 ‘終於’ 和 ‘總算’ 為例，透過分析 ‘終於’ 和 ‘總算’ 的語法、語義、語用特徵，探討中文評價副詞可以如何被分析。此外，由於 ‘終於’ 和 ‘總算’ 在語法、語義、語用方面的表現都有極高的相似度，本文亦研究兩者的異同。
句法方面，本文測試漢語裡說話者導向副詞的語法階層，得出階層為: 言語行為副詞 > (強和弱評價副詞) > 證據副詞 > (強和弱評價副詞) > 認知副詞> (弱評價副詞)，而採用此階層測試，得知 ‘終於’ 和 ‘總算’ 皆為弱評價副詞。Haumann (2007)曾提出評價副詞的語法特性，經分析，‘終於’ 和 ‘總算’ 大致符合這些特性，她們都可出現在句首、句中、句尾，而不能出現在否定句。與Haumann (2007) 提出的特性不同的是，‘終於’ 和 ‘總算’ 可以出現在疑問句和假設句的中。除了作為評價副詞的語法特性，本文也分析了與他們相連的短語特徵，發現 ‘終於’ 和 ‘總算’ 都可以接動詞短語，不同的是，只有 ‘總算’ 可以接名詞和形容詞短語， ‘終於’ 若要接名詞短語，則須再與名詞短語之間加上繫詞 ‘是’，另外，‘總算’ 後可接狀態述語和動態術語，‘終於’ 只能接動態術語，最後，只有 ‘終於’ 可以與表未來的情態動詞 ‘會’相接。藉由這些句法差異，本文也歸納出 ‘終於’ 和 ‘總算’ 有評價副詞和非評價副詞的用法。
語義方面，本文先用Ernst (2009) 提出的測試評價副詞主觀性強弱的方式，測試並得出 ‘終於’ 和 ‘總算’ 為弱評價副詞，此結果再次證明本文提出的階層的正確性。關於語義，本文從時態、說話者心理預期的滿足、主觀量等角度作探討，發現 ‘終於’ 和 ‘總算’ 都可以與完成貌的 ‘了’ 一起出現，但只有‘總算’ 可以和經驗貌 ‘過’ 共同出現，兩者都能傳達說話者的主觀大量，而 ‘總算’ 出現的句子裡，命題必須滿足說話者預期，有 ‘終於’ 出現的句子則不用。
語用方面，本文從言語行為、預設、面子威脅等方面探討，發現 ‘終於’ 和 ‘總算’ 都可以陳述認知、表達情緒、威脅對話者積極面子，並有詞彙預設（lexical presupposition）的功能。
本文針對 ‘終於’ 和 ‘總算’ 呈現了詳盡的語法、語義、語用之分析，並提出了漢語說話者導向副詞的語法階層。希望此研究能為之後漢語評價副詞的相關研究提供參考。

The present study is aimed toward exploring the evaluative adverbs used to express attitudes towards propositions that have been identified as facts. In Mandarin Chinese, there are few studies focus on evaluative adverbs. Therefore, this study provides an analysis of the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic features of zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算, to present ways in which to explore the evaluative adverbs in Mandarin Chinese. In addition, since the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic properties of zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算 are highly similar, the present study is also aimed toward investigating the similarities and differences between zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算.
For the syntactic analysis, the hierarchy of speaker-oriented adverbs in Mandarin Chinese is analyzed. The hierarchy is as follows: speech act > (strong and weak evaluative) > evidential > (strong and weak evaluative) > epistemic> (weak evaluative). Based on this hierarchy, zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算 are proven to be weak evaluative adverbs. As evaluative adverbs, the syntactic characteristics of zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算 are roughly in line with those proposed by Haumann (2007). They can appear in the sentence-initial, the post-subject, and the sentence-final position, but cannot occur in the scope of negation. The major difference is that that zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算 can only appear in interrogative and hypothetical sentences. Apart from the syntactic features of these evaluative adverbs, in the present study, the constituents adjacent to zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算 are also analyzed. It was found that both zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算 can be followed by verb phrases. The differences are that only zongsuan 總算 can directly be followed by noun phrase and adjective phrase. If zhongyu 終於 is followed by a noun phrase, there must be a copula shi 是 between them. However, only zhongyu 終於 can be followed by the future modal verb hui 會. Based on these syntactic differences, it is felt that zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算 can be used as both evaluative adverbs and non-evaluative adverbs.
From the perspective of semantics, the nonveridicality approach proposed by Ernst (2009) is used to test the degree of the subjectivity of zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算. As a result, zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算 are proven to be weak evaluative adverbs again. As for meaning, both zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算 can occur with the perfective le了, but only zongsuan 總算 can appear with the experiential guo 過. Zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算can express that the speaker has a large subjective quantity of something. Sentences containing zongsuan 總算 should meet the speaker’s expectations, and sentences containing zhongyu 終於 do not have to.
In terms of pragmatics, zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算 can state cognition, express emotions, threaten the positive face of the interlocutor, and function as lexical presuppositions.
The present study provides a thorough account of zhongyu 終於 and zongsuan 總算 through the lenses of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, and proposes a hierarchy of speaker-oriented adverbs in Mandarin Chinese, hoping the findings will pave the way for further studies concerning evaluative adverbs in Mandarin Chinese.

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Websites
Sinica Corpus: http://asbc.iis.sinica.edu.tw/
國家教育研究院華語文語料庫(Corpus of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin, COCT): https://coct.naer.edu.tw/