本研究探究各種不同的親疏水混合型銅表面的冷凝熱傳增益，利用親疏水混合銅表面的液滴驅動性，可獲得比全疏水表面更好的冷凝熱傳效果。在現今著重於提升能源利用率與節能的發展議題下，本研究的重要性不言而喻，並可應用於各式相變熱控元件、熱交換器與節能系統。
以過氧化氫氧化法與鐵氟龍塗覆法做為基礎，再以網板印刷方式製作各種親疏水混合型銅表面，其親水區與疏水區的接觸角各約為7°與146°，此親疏水性差異可使液滴受極大非平衡張力而快速驅動。
以類似樹幹與枝的交叉結構，設計出具有排水廊與水道的混合表面，利用現行的冷凝熱傳方程式與幾何參數配置進行冷凝熱傳熱通量的優化分析，理論的主要參數為親疏水區域面積比與理論液滴最大半徑，本研究所設計的表面的理論熱通量約為現行常見的條狀形混合表面的1.15至1.52倍。
冷凝熱傳理論中不易獲得之塗層厚度之問題，由本研究提出可行之平面有效厚度計算方式加以解決，利用實驗所得熱通量與最大液滴半徑，比較理論熱通量，可得知塗層厚度於非平面與具有微結構時的合理性，本研究中的鐵氟龍平面有效厚度約250 nm，與實驗量測值20 μm比較下的理論值更符合實驗值，有效地避免實驗量測厚度的誤判。
冷凝熱傳實驗中，與超疏水鐵氟龍表面相比之下，具有8°三角梯度表面陣列的混合型表面於蒸氣—表面溫差4 K至10 K間的熱通量約1.21倍，具水平三角形水道的混合型表面於3 K至10 K的熱通量約1.03 ~ 1.303倍，具有倒V型水道的混合型表面的熱通量於6 K至10 K約1.07 ~ 1.12倍，而具有三角梯度水道的混和表面的熱通量於2 K 至10 K約1.19 ~ 1.92倍，多半的設計表面也具有高於條狀形混合表面的熱通量，由於其明顯的液滴驅動性，增益了表面冷凝熱傳，足見本研究所設計的表面的實用性。
本研究以理論分析與實驗探究等方式，配合親疏水混合表面設計實現了膜式/滴式混合形表面的熱通量優化，對現今的相變熱元件發展具有實質的技術貢獻與學術價值。

Filmwise/dropwise hybrid wettability surfaces have well condensation heat transfer performance than a fully superhydrophobic surface, because of enhanced water transportation. This study mainly investigate the CHT performance of various hybrid copper surfaces designed according to CHT theory. Currently, the issue is very important because of high erergy use effiency and energy-saving are concerned. Also the issue is applicable to kinds of phase change thermal control devices, heat exchangers, energy-saving systems so that energy consumption and waste heat is minimized. The demand for environment protection and the development of thermal science are able to be realized.
Hybrid wettability surfaces were fabricated by screen printing comprising hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidation and Teflon coating. Superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic regions were present, and water contact angles of both the regions were approximately 7° and 146°, respectively. Thus, the wettability difference with considerable surface tension force inequilibrium induced droplets seating on the surface move fast.
Hybrid wettability surfaces were designed according to tree-like hybrid structures, so most of them consisted of water galleries and water paths for water transportation. Optimization of theoretical heat flux of the designed hybrid surface was conducted by current condensation heat transfer theory and geometrical features. The main parameters in the theory are superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic area ratios and the theoretically maximum droplet radius on the surface. In comparison, theorecial heat flux of the designed hybrid surface is as 1.15 ~ 1.52 times as that of the surface with rectangular strip water gallery utilized in much related research.
Effective thickness as planar layer of coating was proposed to replace the general problem of thickness deviation in measurement. The calculation of effective thickness was according to experimentally measured heat flux, maximum droplet radius and comparison among theoretical heat flux values. The effective thickness was appropriate to calculate reasonable thickness of coatings with non-planar morphology and microstructures. In this study, the effective thickness of Teflon coating as a planar layer was about 250 nm, which was close to the experimental result compared with the experimentally measured 20 μm. Thus, the effective thickness eliminated experimental error in measurement.
In experiment, most designed hybrid surfaces performed condensation heat transfer well and the enhancement relative to the superhydrophobic Teflon-coated surface is higher. For example, the heat flux of hybrid surfaces with triangular gradient pattern array and apex angle 8° is about 1.21 times that of the superhydrophobic Teflon-coated surface within vapor ― surface temperature difference range 4 K to 10 K; the heat flux of hybrid surfaces with horizontal triangular water gallery is about 1.03 ~ 1.303 times within range 3 K to 10 K; the heat flux of hybrid surfaces with reverse V shaped water gallery is about 1.07 ~ 1.12 times within range 6 K to 10 K; the heat flux of hybrid surfaces with triangular gradient gallery is about 1.19 ~ 1.92 times within range 2 K to 10 K; not only was experimental heat flux of most designed hybrid surfaces high, but also was obviously higher than that of he surface with rectangular strip water gallery used as a reference for comparison. The reason why the designed hybrid surface performed well was found due to significant condensate water droplet transportation on the surface, resulting into overwhelming condensation heat transfer. Therefore, the feasibility of the designed hybrid surface in applications is evident without any doubt.
This study met the optimization of condensation heat transfer performance on superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic hybrid surfaces proposed by theoretical analysis and experimental investigation. It contributed an up-to-date technical idea to current phase change thermal control devices, and revealed a developable field in condensation heat transfer study.

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[4] R. R. Boyer, Attributes, characteristics, and applications of titanium and its alloys, JOM-Springer, Vol. 62 (5), pp. 21-24, 2010.
[5] W. Jia, M. Guo, Z. Zheng, T. Yu, Y. Wang, E. G. Rodriguez & Y. Lei, Vertically Aligned CuO Nanowires Based Electrode for Amperometric Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide, Electroanalysis, Vol. 20 (19), pp. 2153-2157, 2008.
[6] A. Gu, G. Wang, X. Zhang & B. Fang, Synthesis of CuO nanoflower and its application as a H2O2 sensor, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 33 (1), pp. 17-20, 2010.
[7] M. Kevin, W. L. Ong, G. H. Lee & G. W. Ho, Formation of hybrid structures: copper oxide nanocrystals templated on ultralong copper nanowires for open network sensing at room temperature, Nanotechnology, Vol. 22 (23), p. 235701, 2011.
[8] H. T. Hsueh, S. J. Chang, F. Y. Hung, W. Y. Weng, C. L. Hsu, T. J. Hsueh, S. S. Lin & B. T. Dai, Ethanol Gas Sensor of Crabwise CuO Nanowires Prepared on Glass Substrate, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 158 (4), pp. J106-J109, 2011.
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[10] P. Raksa, A. Gardchareon, T. Chairuangsri, P. Mangkorntong, N. Mangkorntong & S. Choopun, Ethanol sensing properties of CuO nanowires prepared by an oxidation reaction, Ceram. Int., Vol. 35 (2), pp. 649-652, 2009.
[11] D. Li, J. Hu, R. Wu & J. G. Lu, Conductometric chemical sensor based on individual CuO nanowires, Nanotechnology, Vol. 21 (48), p. 485502, 2010.
[12] V. P. Srinivasa, D. Sivalingam, J. B. Gopalakrishnan & J. B. B. Rayappan, Nanostructured Copper Oxide Thin Film for Ethanol Vapor Sensing, J. Appl. Sci., Vol. 12 (16), pp. 1656-1660, 2012.
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[14] M. Mashock, K. Yu, S. Cui, S. Mao, G. Lu & J. Chen, Modulating Gas Sensing Properties of CuO Nanowires through Creation of Discrete Nanosized p-n Junctions on Their Surfaces, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Vol. 4 (8), pp. 4192-4199, 2012.
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