刺激重複出現會造成反應時間縮短和神經活化降低的現象，分別稱作促發（priming）和重複抑制（repetition suppression）。它們被認為反應了跟刺激處理有關的成分歷程（component processes）在重複時加速，這些歷程像是知覺、語意和概念的處理。然而，這兩種現象也可能反應了刺激-反應連結（stimulus-response bindings）的提取，藉由這樣的連結，我們可以跳過前述的歷程直接對重複的刺激做出反應。
促發和重複抑制背後的機制仍然不清楚。在這篇論文的第二章中，我們先將過去65篇研究促發的功能性磁振造影（fMRI）結果做整合分析（meta-analysis），發現不論是在偏重知覺處理或概念處理的作業中，重複抑制常發生在額下回（inferior frontal gyrus）和梭狀回（fusiform gyrus），這樣的結果較不支持成分歷程的觀點，可能的另一種觀點是刺激-反應連結和額葉區域有關，知覺歷程加速和梭狀回有關。在第三章中，我們利用多迴訊（multi-echo）序列的功能性磁振造影實驗分離知覺處理、語意處理、概念處理和刺激-反應連結的效果，發現行為結果受到刺激-反應連結的影響很大，也就是不管作業中重複的成分歷程為何，只要受試者對重複的刺激能用相同的按鍵反應，就會產生促發，但是影像結果沒有發現明顯的各種成分歷程或是刺激-反應連結的效果。在第四章中，為了檢驗四個重複抑制的神經理論（疲勞、銳化、預期編碼和共振），我們利用動態因果模型（dynamic causal modelling）分析公開的功能性磁振造影資料，計算腦區之間的有效性連結，發現人臉刺激的重複出現會調節特定腦區之間的有效性連結，符合預期編碼和共振理論的預期。
總結來說，這篇論文的結果顯示在測量反應時間的分類作業中，刺激-反應連結的提取最影響行為促發，雖然各個腦區發生重複抑制的原因仍然沒有解決，我們的結果指出腦區之間連結的改變也值得關注。

Repeated presentations of stimuli lead to reduced reaction time, called priming, and decreased neural responses, called repetition suppression (RS). Priming and RS are thought to reflect the facilitation of component processes involved in the initial and repeated presentations of a stimulus, such as perceptual, lexical and conceptual processes. However, they can also reflect the retrieval of stimulus-response bindings, which bypass some of these processes.
The mechanisms underlying these two phenomena of priming and RS remain unclear. In Chapter 2 of this thesis, a meta-analysis of 65 fMRI studies on priming was performed to determine which regions are consistently associated with RS. We found that RS in inferior frontal gyrus and fusiform gyrus was found for both perceptual and conceptual tasks. These results question the simple distinction between conceptual and perceptual priming based on the component processes view, and suggest an alternative account in terms of stimulus-response bindings in frontal regions and perceptual facilitation in fusiform gyrus. In Chapter 3, an fMRI experiment with a multi-echo sequence was conducted to separate conceptual and lexical processes from perceptual process and stimulus-response bindings. We again found a dominant effect of stimulus-response bindings on behavior, but our imaging results did not show any clear effect of component processes or stimulus-response bindings. In Chapter 4, we conducted dynamic causal modelling (DCM) on a public fMRI dataset to test predictions from four models of RS (Fatigue, Sharpening, Predictive Coding and Synchronization) in terms of effective connectivity between brain regions. The effects of face perception and recognition were examined as well. The main result is the modulation by face repetition of effective connectivity between regions, supporting the Predictive Coding and Synchronization models.
Taken together, our results demonstrate that the retrieval of stimulus-response bindings dominates behavioral priming, at least in speeded RT classification tasks. Although the cause of RS in various brain regions was not resolved, our results demonstrate the importance of also considering changes in effective connectivity between stimulus-selective regions.

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