本論文旨在探討現代伊斯蘭復興運動中蘇非主義扮演的角色，並以費圖拉・居廉 (Fethullah Gülen, 1941-2024) 與他所啟發的Hizmet運動為研究對象。蘇非主義作為伊斯蘭傳統中的內在靈修之道，長期在安納托利亞突厥穆斯林社會中扮演著重要角色。然而，自十八世紀以來，隨著西方殖民勢力的擴張、歐斯曼帝國之衰落、土耳其共和國世俗化的推動，以及現代伊斯蘭復興改革思想對傳統蘇非道團 (Ṭarīqah) 的批判，使得土耳其蘇非主義面臨嚴峻挑戰。在傳統蘇非道團與修道中心遭受壓抑之後，土耳其蘇非主義如何延續發展？而在現代伊斯蘭復興運動中蘇非主義的靈性資源又如何重新被吸收、轉化運用，此乃本論文之研究核心議題。
本論文採思想史之研究取徑，將居廉思想與Hizmet運動置於安納托利亞蘇非傳統、土耳其共和國世俗化政策，以及現代伊斯蘭復興運動的歷史脈絡中加以探索。首先，本論文回顧蘇非主義在安納托利亞地區的發展，指出陸彌 (Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī,  1207-1273 CE) 與耶姆列 (Yunus Emre, 1238-1320 CE) 等蘇非思想家所強調的愛、寬容、心靈淨化與人道關懷，構成土耳其蘇非主義的重要精神傳統。其次，本文分析居廉的生平背景與思想形成，說明他一方面繼承土耳其蘇非主義對愛、憐憫、寬恕與靈性修養的重視，另一方面又受到努爾西 (Saʿīd Nursī, 1876-1960) 與現代伊斯蘭改革思想影響，強調教育、科學、理性、社會服務與非暴力民間活動的重要性。居廉並未建立典型傳統蘇非道團，而是將蘇非教義、倫理轉化為解決現代穆斯林社會諸多問題的實踐途徑。
最後，以Hizmet運動的歷史發展為例，分析其如何透過相關組織活動如讀書會 (Sohbet)、書舍 (Dershane)、學校、媒體、企業、慈善機構與跨宗教對話平台等，將內在靈修轉化為淨化人心的社會服務。Hizmet運動的發展顯示現代土耳其蘇非主義並非單純延續傳統道團形式，而是在伊斯蘭復興運動與全球化潮流中，重組為一種以教育、服務、對話作為核心的新型蘇非社群運動。居廉與Hizmet運動展現了蘇非主義從個人靈修走向公共倫理，從道團制度轉向民間組織，從地方宗教傳統轉化為跨國社會實踐的現代轉型過程。透過此個案研究，本文亦說明了土耳其蘇非主義在現代伊斯蘭復興潮流中，並未被邊緣化，而是以新的思想與組織形式持續發揮影響力。

This thesis examines the role of Sufism in modern Islamic Revival Movements through the case of Fethullah Gülen (1941-2024) and the Hizmet movement inspired by him. This thesis adopts the approach grounded in the history of ideas, and it situates Gülen's thought and the Hizmet movement within the contexts of Anatolian Sufi traditions, the secularization policies of the Turkish Republic government, and modern Islamic revival ideologies. First, this thesis traces the development of Sufism in Anatolia and argues that the teachings of Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (1207-1273 CE) and Yunus Emre (1238-1320 CE) constitute an important spiritual legacy of the Turkish Sufism. Second, this thesis analyses that Gülen combined these values with the thoughts of Saʿīd Nursī (1876-1960) and modern Islamic revival thoughts on education, scientific knowledge, reason, social service. Rather than establishing a traditional Sufi order, Gülen transformed Sufi ethics into a practical programme for modern society. Finally, this thesis analyses how the Hizmet movement transformed inward spiritual formation into social service, and non-violent civil activities. Gülen and the Hizmet movement illustrate the modern transformation of Sufism from personal spiritual practice to public ethics, from institutions of Sufi-order to civil organizations, and from a local religious tradition to transnational social practice. Through this case study, the thesis also seeks to show that Turkish Sufism has not been marginalized amid the wave of modern Islamic revival and reform; rather, it continues to exert influence through new intellectual and organizational forms.

一、中文專書
艾德蒙·博斯沃茲 (C. Edmund Bosworth)，《伊斯蘭朝代簡史：七世紀至二十世紀的穆斯林政權》，張人弘、池思親譯，台北：臺灣商務印書館，2016。
林長寬主編，《服務奉獻促和平：Hizmet運動之貢獻》，台北：希泉出版社，2016。
法土拉・葛蘭 (M. Fethullah Gülen) 著、丁迺靜譯，《蘇非思想—伊斯蘭的心靈旅程》，台北：希泉出版社，2005。
法土拉・葛蘭 (M. Fethullah Gülen) 著，黃思恩譯，《請問伊斯蘭》，台北：希泉出版社，2007。
法土拉・葛蘭 (M. Fethullah Gülen) 著、葉大瑾與黃思恩譯，《信仰珠璣》，台北：希泉出版社，2006。
Jon Pahl著、黃思恩譯、林長寬編審，《Fethullah Gülen，一個服務奉獻的生命：一位賓州穆斯林學者何以對世界如此重要》，台南：國立成功大學多元文化研究中心，2022。
二、中文學位論文
江孟勳，《拉戌德･理達 (Rashid Rida, 1865-1935) 的現代伊斯蘭復興改革思想》，博士論文，國立成功大學歷史學研究所，2022。
江孟勳，《當代伊斯蘭復興運動思想探源─以穆斯林兄弟會之理念為例》，碩士論文，佛光大學宗教研究所，2007。
初雅士，《以教育與對話建構社會和諧，論哈薩克的Hizmet 運動》，博士論文，國立政治大學博士論文，2014。
邱智輝，《現代伊斯蘭復興改革運動──以Gülen運動為例》，碩士論文，天主教輔仁大學宗教學系，2009。
陳漢傑，《原教旨主義政治理論在埃及的發展》，碩士論文，台北：國立政治大學宗教學研究所，2005。
三、中文期刊論文
米敬萱，〈從「冥契主義」解讀伊斯蘭的Tasawwuf〉，《新世紀宗教研究》，第13卷，第2期 (2014)，頁125-151。
林長寬，〈伊斯蘭現代改革初探〉，《世界宗教學刊》創刊號 (2003)，頁1-27。
林長寬，〈阿逋・哈彌德 噶札里(Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali)之蘇非觀初探〉，《輔仁宗教研究》，第13期 (2006)，頁65-83。
林長寬，〈神啟與革命：論伊斯蘭復興改革之理念〉，《新世紀宗教研究》，第15卷，第1期 (2016)，頁1-62。
林長寬，〈連結Nusantara與al-Jazīrah al-‘Arabiyyah：十七世紀新蘇非主義(neo-Sufism)與馬來世界近代伊斯蘭之發展〉，《新世紀宗教研究》，第17卷，第3期 (2019)，頁1-51。
林長寬，〈談伊斯蘭之現代化：以‘Abduh 之「現代化理念」為例〉，《宗教哲學》，第5卷，第2期 (1999)，頁57-75。
初雅士 (Osman Çubuk)，〈蘇非主義與宗教對話：法圖拉．菊稜其世界和平之道〉，《新世紀宗教研究》，第13卷，第2期 (2014)，頁97-121。
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五、外文學位論文
Kim, Heon Choul. "The Nature and Role of Sufism in Contemporary Islam: a Case Study of the Life, Thought and Teachings of Fethullah Gülen." PhD diss., Philadelphia: Temple University, 2008.
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六、外文期刊論文
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