| 研究生: |
張恩華 Peterson, Kimberly |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
Exploration of Reasons for Turnover of Expatriate Teachers in Buxibans Exploration of Reasons for Turnover of Expatriate Teachers in Buxibans |
| 指導教授: |
史習安
Shih, Hsi-An |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
管理學院 - 國際經營管理研究所 Institute of International Management |
| 論文出版年: | 2014 |
| 畢業學年度: | 102 |
| 語文別: | 英文 |
| 論文頁數: | 117 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | buxiban, turnover, self-initiated expatriates, foreign teacher, exploratory research, personal motivations |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:86 下載:3 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
This study explores the reason and motivation of high turnover rates of self-initiated expatriate English teachers in English language buxibans in Taiwan. It focuses on the factors motivating employees in employee-determined turnover. The factors fall into these themes: school policy, management, student, curriculum, personal and coworker related. Factors fall in line with previous turnover literature, but there are some ways that they specific to expatriate teachers. First, basic needs of expatriate teachers must be met; they are: an ARC or visa; and financial needs or competitive salary. It should also be noted that for expatriate teachers, teaching hours, money and salary often go hand in hand. Job embeddedness can be contractual, but also be their relationship with students. Job satisfaction is found in student achievement and within freedom of curriculum. Personal reasons often include self-actualization as many expatriates do not plan on having teaching as a lifelong career. Since they are expatriate teachers, the typical idea of individualist countrymen not feeling personally tied to work is overcome by expatriate need to create relationships in a new environment. Some insights are offered in expatriate view of school policy and philosophy and ways management can better retain teachers or hire teachers suited for their specific needs.
Abelson, M. A., & Baysinger, B. D. (1984). Optimal and dysfunctional turnover: Toward an organizational level model. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 331-341.
Adler, N. J. (1997). Global leadership: Women leaders. The Journal of Management Developement, 13(2), 24-41.
Allen, D. G., & Griffeth, R. W. (2000). Job performance and turnover: A review and integrative multi-route model. Human Resource Management Review, 9(4), 525-548.
Anderson, M. B. G., & Iwanicki, E. F. (1984). Teacher motivation and its relationship to burnout. Educational Administration Quarterly, 20(2), 109-132.
Andresen, M., Biemann, T., & Pattie, M. W. (2012). What makes them move abroad? Reviewing and exploring differences between self-initiated and assigned expatriation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management(ahead-of-print), 1-16.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Begley, T. M. (2003). The employment relationships of foreign workers versus local employees: a field study of organizational justice, job satisfaction, performance, and OCB. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(5), 561-583.
Ashford, S. J., Lee, C., & Bobko, P. (1989). Content, cause, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 32(4), 803-829.
Atkinson, P., & Hammersley, M. (1994). Ethnography and participant observation. Handbook of Qualitative Research, 1(15), 248-261.
Au, K. Y., & Fukuda, J. (2002). Boundary spanning behavoirs of expariates. Journal of World Business, 37(4), 285-296.
Bailey, J. G. (1999). Academics' motivation and self-efficacy for teaching and research. Higher Education Research and Development, 18(3), 343-359.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources may buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170-180.
Barnabé, C., & Burns, M. (1994). Teachers’ job characteristics and motivation. Educational Research, 36(2), 171-185.
Baron, J. N., Hannan, M. T., & Burton, M. D. (2001). Labor pains: Change in organizational models and employee turnover in young, high-tech firms. American Journal of Sociology, 106(4), 960-1012.
Becker, G. S. (1985). Human capital, effort, and the sexual division of labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1), 33-58.
Becker, W. J., & Cropanzano, R. (2011). Dynamic aspects of voluntary turnover: An integrated approach to curvilinearity in the performance–turnover relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 233.
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5-34.
Biemann, T., & Andresen, M. (2010). Self-initiated foreign expatriates versus assigned expatriates: two distinct types of international careers? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(4), 430-448.
Bitner, M. J., Booms, B. H., & Tetreault, M. S. (1990). The service encounter: Diagnosing favorable and unfavorable incidents. Journal of Marketing, 54(1), 71-84.
Bitner, M. J., Faranda, W. T., Hubbert, A. R., & Zeithaml, V. A. (1997). Customer contributions and roles in service delivery. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 8(3), 193-205.
Black, J., Gregersen, H., Mendenhall, M., & Stroh, L. (2001). Globalizing People through International Assignments (1999). Reading, MA: Addison-Wedley Publishing.
Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. (1992). The U-curve adjustment hypothesis R
evised: A review and theoretical framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 22(2), 225-248.
Boudreau, J. W., & Berger, C. J. (1985). Decision-theoretic utility analysis applied to employee separations and acquisitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(3), 581-612.
Brandtstädter, J. (1989). Personal self-regulation of development: Cross-sequential analyses of development-related control beliefs and emotions. Developmental Psychology, 25(1), 96-105.
Burns, A. C., & Williams, L. A. (2000). Narrative text biases attending the critical incidents technique. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 3(4), 178-186.
Butler, Y. G. (2004). What level of English proficiency do elementary school teachers need to attain to teach EFL? Case studies from Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. Tesol Quarterly, 38(2), 245-278.
Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., & Malone, P. S. (2006). Teachers' self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students' academic achievement: A study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology, 44(6), 473-490.
Chang, Y. (2008). Parents’ attitudes toward the english education policy in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Education Review, 9(4), 423-435.
Charmaz, K. (2003). Grounded theory. Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry, 2(8), 249-291.
Chell, E. (2004). Critical Incident Technique. In G. Symon & C. Cassell (Eds.), Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research (pp. 45-60). London: SAGE.
Chen, Q., & Liao, M. (1999). The whole language approach and EFL teaching (Vol. 1). Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
Chou, C. P., & Yuan, J. K. S. (2011). The focus: Supplementary education in Asia. The Newsletter, 15, 1.
Connolly, J. J., & Viswesvaran, C. (2000). The role of affectivity in job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(2), 265-281.
Corene, d. W. (2010). The reasons for and the impact of principal-on-teacher bullying on the victims’ private and professional lives. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(7), 1450-1459.
Costigan, R. D., Insinga, R. C., Berman, J. J., Kranas, G., & Kureshov, V. A. (2012). A four-country study of the relationship of affect-based trust to turnover intention. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(5), 1123-1142.
Cox, T. H., & Blake, S. (1991). Managing cultural diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness. The Executive, 5(3), 45-56.
Crandall, R., & Perrewe, P. L. (1995). Occupational stress: A handbook. New York: CRC Press.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Crossley, C. D., Bennett, R. J., Jex, S. M., & Burnfield, J. L. (2007). Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1031-1042.
Crystal, D. (2003). English as a global language. New York: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cullen, M. J., & Sackett, P. R. (2003). Personality and counterproductive workplace behavior (Barrick & Ryan ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Dalton, D. R., Todor, W. D., & Krackhardt, D. M. (1982). Turnover overstated: The functional taxonomy. Academy of Management Review, 7(1), 117-123.
Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J., & Scheck, C. L. (1997). A test of job security's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(4), 323-349.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (Vol. 2, pp. 1-28). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Derogatis, L. (1987). The Derogatis stress profile (DSP): Quantification of psychological stress. Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine, 17, 30-54.
DiCicco-Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B. F. (2006). The qualitative research interview. Medical Education, 40(4), 314-321.
Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 611-628.
Doran, L. I., Stone, V. K., Brief, A. P., & George, J. M. (1991). Behavioral intentions as predictors of job attitudes: The role of economic choice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(1), 40-45.
Dowling, R. S., Welch, D. E., & Schuler, R. S. (1999). International human resource management: Managing people in a multinational context. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing.
Edvardsson, B., & Roos, I. (2001). Critical incident techniques: Towards a framework for analysing the criticality of critical incidents. International journal of service industry management, 12(3), 251-268.
Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 42-51.
Ellis, K., & Shockley, Z., Pamela. (2001). Trust in top management and immediate supervisor: The relationship to satisfaction, perceived organizational effectiveness, and information receiving. Communication Quarterly, 49(4), 382-398.
Erickson, F. (1986). Qualitative methods in research on teaching (M. C. Wittrock ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Felfe, J., Yan, W., & Six, B. (2008). The impact of individual collectivism on commitment and its influence on organizational citizenship behaviour and turnover in three countries. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(2), 211-237.
Finegold, D., Mohrman, S., & Spreitzer, G. M. (2002). Age effects on the predictors of technical workers' commitment and willingness to turnover. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(5), 655-674.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Conclusion. In Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research (pp. 510-520). Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Flanagan, J. C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4), 327.
Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (1994). Interviewing: The art of science. In Y. L. Denzin (Ed.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp. 361-376). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Fox, A. (1974). Beyond contract: Work, power and trust relations. London: Faber
Gabbott, M., & Hogg, G. (1996). The glory of stories: using critical incidents to understand service evaluation in the primary healthcare context. Journal of Marketing Management, 12(6), 493-503.
Gelfand, M. J., Erez, M., & Aycan, Z. (2007). Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annual Review Psychology, 58(1), 479-514.
Ghiselli, E. E. (1974). Some perspectives for industrial psychology. American Psychologist, 29(2), 80.
Gist, M., Rosen, B., & Schwoerer, C. (1988). The influence of training method and trainee age on the acquisition of computer skills. Personnel Psychology, 41(2), 255-265.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2009). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research (7 ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Books.
Glebbeek, A. C., & Bax, E. H. (2004). Is high employee turnover really harmful? An empirical test using company records. Academy of Management Journal, 47(2), 277-286.
Glesne, C., & Peshkin, A. (1992). Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. New York: Longman White Plains.
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., Singh, R., & Parasuraman, S. (1997). Work and family influences on departure from public accounting. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50(2), 249-270.
Gremler, D. D. (2004). The critical incident technique in service research. Journal of Service Research, 7(1), 65-89.
Griffeth, R. W., & Hom, P. W. (1995). The employee turnover process. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 13(3), 245-293.
Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3), 463-488.
Grove, S. J., & Fisk, R. P. (1997). The impact of other customers on service experiences: A critical incident examination of “getting along”. Journal of Retailing, 73(1), 63-85.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1981). Effective evaluation: Improving the usefulness of evaluation results through responsive and naturalistic approaches. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Guglielmi, R. S., & Tatrow, K. (1998). Occupational stress, burnout, and health in teachers: A methodological and theoretical analysis. Review of Educational Research, 68(1), 61-99.
Guimaraes, T., & Igbaria, M. (1992). Determinants of Turnover Intentions: Comparing Ic and IS Personnel. Information Systems Research, 3(3), 273-303.
Harris, K. J., Kacmar, K. M., & Witt, L. (2005). An examination of the curvilinear relationship between leader–member exchange and intent to turnover. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 363-378.
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268.
Heaney, C. A., Israel, B. A., & House, J. S. (1994). Chronic job insecurity among automobile workers: Effects on job satisfaction and health. Social Science & Medicine, 38(10), 1431-1437.
Hess, F. M. (2004). Teacher quality, teacher pay [Electronic Version]. Policy Review. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://www.hoover.org/research/teacher-quality-teacher-pay
Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership and organization: Do American theories apply abroad? Organizational Dynamics, 9(1), 42-63.
Hofstede, G., Hostede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software for the Mind (3rd ed.): McGraw-Hill.
Hollenbeck, J. R., & Williams, C. R. (1986). Turnover functionality versus turnover frequency: A note on work attitudes and organizational effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(4), 606-611.
Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., & Eberly, M. B. (2008). 5 Turnover and retention research: A glance at the past, a closer review of the present, and a venture into the future. The Academy of Management Annuals, 2(1), 231-274.
Hom, P. W., Caranikas-Walker, F., Prussia, G. E., & Griffeth, R. W. (1992). A meta-analytical structural equations analysis of a model of employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(6), 890-909.
Hopkinson, G. C., & Hogarth-Scott, S. (2001). " What happened was..." broadening the agenda for storied research. Journal of Marketing Management, 17(1-2), 27-47.
Hoppock, R. (1935). Job satisfaction. New York: Harper and Brothers.
House, E. R. (1991). Realism in research. Educational Researcher, 20(6), 2-9.
Hung, C.-L. (2012). Job stress and coping strategies among early childhood teachers in Central Taiwan. Educational Research and Reviews, 7(23), 494-501.
Huselid, M. A. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 635-672.
Igbaria, M., & Siegel, S. R. (1992). The reasons for turnover of information systems personnel. Information & Management, 23(6), 321-331.
Ingersoll, R. M. (2001). Teacher turnover and teacher shortages: An organizational analysis. American Educational Research Journal, 38(3), 499-534.
Jackson, S. E., & Schuler, R. S. (1985). A meta-analysis and conceptual critique of research on role ambiguity and role conflict in work settings. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36(1), 16-78.
Jiang, K., Liu, D., McKay, P. F., Lee, T. W., & Mitchell, T. R. (2012). When and how is job embeddedness predictive of turnover? A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(5), 1077-1096.
Joseph, D., Ng, K.-Y., Koh, C., & Ang, S. (2007). Turnover of information technology professionals: A narrative review, meta-analytic structural equation modeling, and model development. MIS Quarterly, 31(3), 547-577.
Judge, T. A., Cable, D. M., Bordreau, J. W., & Bretz, R. D. (1995). An empirical investigation of the predictors of executive career success. Personal Psychology, 48(3), 485-519.
Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology;Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 530-541.
Judge, T. A., & Ilies, R. (2002). Relationship of personality to performance motivation: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 797-807.
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376-407.
Judge, T. A., & Watanabe, S. (1995). Is the past prologue?: A test of Ghiselli’s hobo syndrome. Journal of Management, 21(2), 211-229.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. S. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Kanfer, R. (1991). Motivation theory: An industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 76-170). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Khatri, N., Tsang, E. W., & Begley, T. M. (2005). Cronyism: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(1), 61-75.
Kilgallon, P., Maloney, C., & Lock, G. (2008). Early childhood teachers' sustainment in the classroom. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 33(2), 41-54.
Kogut, B., & Singh, H. (1988). The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(3), 411-432.
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2006). The leadership challenge (Vol. 3). Willowbrook, IL: John Wiley & Sons.
Koys, D. J. (2001). The effects of employee satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, and turnover on organizational effectiveness: A unit‐level, longitudinal study. Personnel Psychology, 54(1), 101-114.
Krashen, S. (2003). Dealing with English fever. Paper presented at the Twelfth International Symposium on English Teaching, Taipei.
Kwok, P. (2004). Examination-oriented knowledge and value transformation in East Asian cram schools. Asia Pacific Education Review, 5(1), 64-75.
Kyriacou, C. (2001). Teacher stress: Directions for future research. Educational Review, 53(1), 27-35.
Kyriacou, C., & Sutcliffe, J. (1978). A model of teacher stress. Educational Studies, 4(1), 1-6.
Larsen, R. J., Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1985). An evaluation of subjective well-being measures. Social Indicators Research, 17(1), 1-17.
Lawler, E. E., & Porter, L. W. (1967). The effect of performance on job satisfaction. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 7(1), 20-28.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Lee, K., Carswell, J. J., & Allen, N. J. (2000). A meta-analytic review of occupational commitment: Relations with person- and work- related variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 799-811.
Lee, T. W., & Mitchell, T. R. (1994). An alternative approach: The unfolding model of voluntary employee turnover. Academy of Management Review, 19(1), 51-89.
Lee, T. W., & Mowday, R. T. (1987). Voluntarily leaving an organization: An empirical investigation of Steers and Mowday's model of turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 30(4), 721-743.
Levinson, D. J., Darrow, C. N., Klein, E. B., Levinson, M. H., & McKee, B. (1978). The seasons of a man's life. New York: Knoff.
Liu, L. (2002). Studying English: A national obsession [Electronic Version]. Taiwan Today, 20, 2003. Retrieved December 2012, from http://taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=19773&CtNode=103
Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K. M., Guest, G., & Namey, E. (2005). Qualitative research methods: A data collector's field guide. from http://www.fhi360.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/Qualitative%20Research%20Methods%20-%20A%20Data%20Collector's%20Field%20Guide.pdf
MacNeil, A. J., & Delafield, D. (1998). Principal leadership for successful school technology implementation. Paper presented at the Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference, Washington D.C. .
Macy, B. A., & Mirvis, P. H. (1976). A methodology for assessment of quality of work life and organizational effectiveness in behavioral-economic terms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(2), 212-226.
Maertz, C. P., & Campion, M. A. (2004). Profiles in quitting: Integrating process and content turnover theory. Academy of Management Journal, 47(4), 566-582.
Maertz, C. P., & Griffeth, R. W. (2004). Eight motivational forces and voluntary turnover: A theoretical synthesis with implications for research. Journal of Management, 30(5), 667-683.
Mallol, C. M., Holtom, B. C., & Lee, T. W. (2007). Job embeddedness in a culturally diverse environment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 22(1), 35-44.
March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. (1958). Organizations. New York: NY: Wiley.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224.
Maxwell, J. A. (1992). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard Educational Review, 62(3), 279-301.
Mayer, R. C., & Gavin, M. B. (2005). Trust in management and performance: Who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss? Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 874-888.
McAllister, D. J. (1995). Affect-and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 24-59.
McCauley, D. P., & Kuhnert, K. W. (1992). A theoretical review and empirical investigation of employee trust in management. Public Administration Quarterly, 16(39), 265-284.
McEvoy, G. M., & Cascio, W. F. (1987). Do good or poor performers leave? A meta-analysis of the relationship between performance and turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 30(4), 744-762.
McEvoy, G. M., & Cascio, W. F. (1989). Cumulative evidence of the relationship between employee age and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(1), 11-17.
Miller, D. C., & Form, W. H. (1951). Industrial sociology. New York: Harper.
Miller, M. L., & Kirk, J. (1986). Reliability and validity in qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001). Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1102-1121.
Mitchell, T. R., & Lee, T. W. (2001). The unfolding model of voluntary turnover and job embeddedness: Foundations for a comprehnsive theory of attachment. In B. M. Staw (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 23, pp. 189-246). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(2), 237-240.
Montgomery, C., & Rupp, A. A. (2005). A meta-analysis for exploring the diverse causes and effects of stress in teachers. Canadian Journal of Education/Revue Canadienne de l'Education, 458-486.
Moore, J. E. (2000). One road to turnover: An examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals. MIS Quarterly, 24(1), 141-168.
Organ, D. W. (1994). Personality and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Management, 20(2), 465-478.
Organ, D. W., & Lingl, A. (1995). Personality, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135(3), 339-350.
Orr, M. T., & Barber, M. E. (2006). Collaborative leadership preparation: A comparative study of partnership and conventional programs and practices. Journal of School Leadership, 16(6), 709-739.
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3-72.
Paré, G., Tremblay, M., & Lalonde, P. (2000). The impact of human resources practices on IT personnel commitment, citizenship behaviors and turnover intentions. Paper presented at the 21st International Conference on Information Systems. from http://www.cirano.qc.ca/pdf/publications/2000s-27.pdf
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2 ed.). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Pavett, C., & Morris, T. (1995). Management styles within a multinational corporation: A five country comparative study. Human Relations, 48(10), 1171-1191.
Poland, B. D. (1995). Transcription quality as an aspect of rigor in qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 1(3), 290-310.
Poland, B. D. (2003). Transcription quality. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publishing Inc.
Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1973). Organizational, work, and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism. Psychological Bulletin, 80(2), 151-176.
Probst, T. M. (2002). The impact of job insecurity on employee work attitudes, job adaptation, and organizational withdrawal behaviors. In J. M. Brett & F. Drasgow (Eds.), The psychology of work: Theoretically based empirical research (pp. 141–168). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ramesh, A., & Gelfand, M. J. (2010). Will they stay or will they go? The role of job embeddedness in predicting turnover in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 807-823.
Robson, C. (2002). Real world research: A resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers (Vol. 2). Oxford: Blackwell
Sancini, A., Tomei, F., Schifano, M., Di Giorgio, V., Caciari, T., Fiaschetti, M., et al. (2010). Stress characteristics in different work conditions: Is it possible to indentify specifity of risk factors by the questionnaire method? European Journal of Inflammation, 8(2), 117-123.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students (5th ed.). Rotolito Lombarda: Pearson Education Limited.
Schwartz, M. S., & Schwartz, C. G. (1955). Problems in participant observation. American Journal of Sociology, 60(4), 343-353.
Siegel, J. P., & Bowen, D. (1971). Satisfaction and performance: Causal relationships and moderating effects. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1(3), 263-269.
Spence, M. (1973). Job market signaling. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355-374.
Stauss, B., & Mang, P. (1999). “Culture shocks” in inter-cultural service encounters? Journal of Services Marketing, 13(4/5), 329-346.
Stauss, B., & Weinlich, B. (1997). Process-oriented measurement of service quality: Applying the sequential incident technique. European Journal of Marketing, 31(1), 33-55.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Procedures and techniques for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stumpf, S. A., & Hartman, K. (1984). Individual exploration to organizational commitment or withdrawal. Academy of Management Journal, 27(2), 308-329.
Su, Y. C. (2006). EFL teachers’ perceptions of English language policy at the elementary level in Taiwan. Educational Studies, 32(3), 265-283.
Sverke, M., & Hellgren, J. (2002). The nature of job insecurity: Understanding employment uncertainty on the brink of a new millennium. Applied Psychology, 51(1), 23-42.
Swider, B. W., Boswell, W. R., & Zimmerman, R. D. (2011). Examining the job search–turnover relationship: The role of embeddedness, job satisfaction, and available alternatives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 432.
Taiwan, N. I. A. (2013). 2013.8 Foreign Residents by Nationality (Publication. Retrieved September 2013, from National Immigration Agency http://www.immigration.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1222242&ctNode=29986&mp=2
Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., Reed, G. M., Bower, J. E., & Gruenewald, T. L. (2000). Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health. American Psychologist, 55(1), 99-109.
Tetrick, L. E., & Quick, J. C. (2003). Prevention at work: Public health in occupational settings. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Tett, R. P., & Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46(2), 259-293.
Tung, R. L. (1988). The new expatriates: Managing human resources abroad. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
van Vuuren, C. V., & Klandermans, P. G. (1990). Individual reactions to job insecurity: An integrated model. In European Perspectives in Psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 133-146). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Vandenberghe, R., & Huberman, A. M. (1999). Understanding and preventing teacher burnout: A sourcebook of international research and practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Veiga, J. F. (1983). Mobility influences during managerial career stages. Academy of Management Journal, 26(1), 64-85.
Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2002). Examining the construct of organizational justice: A meta-analytic evaluation of relations with work attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 38(3), 193-203.
Vrontis, D., Thrassou, A., & Melanthiou, Y. (2007). A contemporary higher education student-choice model for developed countries. Journal of Business Research, 60(9), 979-989.
Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. Oxford, England: John Wiley and Sons.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Harkness, A. R. (1994). Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 18-31.
Watson, D., & Hubbard, B. (1996). Adaptational style and dispositional structure: Coping in the context of the Five-Factor model. Journal of Personality, 64(4), 737-774.
Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis: Sage.
Wei, Y. T., & Wang, J.-H. (2011). Understanding relationship between corporate social responsibility and organizational performance in cram school industry: A qualitative application. National Taichung University, Taichung.
Wetzels, M., de Ruyter, K., Lemmink, J., & Koelemeijer, K. (1995). Measuring customer service quality in international marketing channels: a multimethod approach. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 10(5), 50-59.
Woodman, G. (2010). Culture shock Taiwan: Cow mentality, rubber slipper fashion in binglang country. United States of America: Xlibris Corporation.
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (2 ed. Vol. 5). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zimmerman, R. D., & Darnold, T. C. (2009). The impact of job performance on employee turnover intentions and the voluntary turnover process: A meta-analysis and path model. Personnel Review, 38(2), 142-158.