全球都市化趨勢日益顯著，面對不斷成長的都市人口，都市規劃面臨的挑戰為不僅要「容納」這些人口，更要確保都市居民生活的安全與健康。因此，近年來，健康城市（Healthy cities）的發展越發受到重視，而健康城市發展理念演變至今，不只是強調個體健康促進，同時也強調「地球健康」（One Planet）的概念，認為總體環境的永續性為成就個體健康的關鍵條件。而大眾運輸導向型發展（Transit-Oriented Development, TOD）的理念也基於鼓勵居民採用大眾運輸及主動運輸，以減少私人運具使用所造成的環境問題，同時能夠促使居民身體活動達成個體健康，長期被視為促成健康城市的重要策略之一。因此，本研究探討TOD的推動對於環境永續及民眾個體健康促進之影響，以臺中捷運綠線與綠線聯合開發站站區周邊作為實證場域。
在環境永續評估方面，本研究以都市熱島效應及二氧化碳排放量為分析項目。前者透過衛星影像資料進行地表溫度之反演算，並評估溫度升幅差異，以進行都市局部高溫強度分布的驗證。結果顯示捷運站體建成後，捷運各站環域範圍500公尺內的平均溫度較捷運建設前上升約3.1°C，明顯高於對照組的2.6°C，顯示捷運周圍的土地開發模式可能加劇都市熱島效應。在碳排量計算的部分，則是透過臺中捷運綠線2022年營運之實際數據進行計算，計算後發現目前捷運的平均延人公里碳排量為0.148kgCO₂e/km，此數值高於環境部淨零綠生活所公布之私人機動運具之平均延人碳排量，顯示臺中捷運綠線在現況營運條件下，其減碳效益尚未達理想。在個體健康效益評估方面，本研究採用問卷調查法收集相關數據，分別探討影響捷運聯開站周邊民眾使用主動運輸之因素，及大眾運輸使用與受訪者自覺健康之關聯。問卷設計經由文獻回顧，綜整出可能影響民眾使用主動運輸之因素，並以計畫行為理論（Theory of Planned Behavior, TPB）為架構，在問卷收集完成後將因素以EFA進行分類，最後以隨機森林分類器進行分析。研究結果顯示，民眾對於主動運輸選擇主要受到TPB三大因素的影響高於其他個人條件變數，其中又以主觀規範影響最為顯著，顯示民眾在使用主動運輸時深受社會價值觀與外在環境期望所驅動。此外，研究結果也顯示，「臺中捷運的搭乘頻率」為除年齡變數外，是最影響自覺健康之變數，證實大眾運輸使用對於促進個人身體健康具有正面效益。本研究從環境永續與個體健康兩方面評估TOD效益，研究結果可作為未來都市規劃與大眾運輸政策制定之參考，以達成健康城市之理念。

Urbanization presents challenges for balancing population growth, sustainability, and public health, thereby prompting greater emphasis on Healthy Cities in contemporary urban planning. Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has been shown to reduce car dependency, mitigate environmental impacts, and encourage active lifestyles, all of which are closely aligned with the Healthy Cities concept. However, potential negative impacts of TOD have also been observed, highlighting the need for empirical evaluation of its overall effects. This study examines the effects of TOD on sustainability and health outcomes, using the Taichung Mass Rapid Transit (TMRT) Green Line as a case study. Urban heat island effects and Carbon emissions were assessed using satellite and operational data. A structured questionnaire explored socio-economic, behavioral, and psychological influences on public and active transportation, as well as self-perceived health. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as the theoretical framework, this study applied Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to confirm the factor structure of key psychological constructs. A random forest classifier was then employed to compare the relative importance of socio-economic, behavioral, and psychological variables. Results show that temperature increases near stations were higher than district averages, and under current ridership, energy consumption, and carbon factor, TMRT’s per passenger-kilometer carbon emissions exceed those of private vehicles. TPB-based psychological factors—attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control—were the strongest predictors of active transportation. Frequent TMRT use was also positively associated with better self-perceived health. These findings highlight that maximizing the benefits of TOD and Healthy Cities requires both infrastructure improvements and behavioral interventions.

Agrawal, S., Lotfi, G., & Welegedara, N. (2023). Urban heat islands in transit-oriented development designated areas in a high-latitude city-Edmonton, Canada. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 32(2), 44-58.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.
Ambak, K., Kasvar, K. K., Daniel, B. D., Prasetijo, J., & Abd Ghani, A. R. (2016). Behavioral intention to use public transport based on theory of planned behavior. MATEC Web of Conferences, https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20164703008
Andersen, L. B., Schnohr, P., Schroll, M., & Hein, H. O. (2000). All-Cause Mortality Associated With Physical Activity During Leisure Time, Work, Sports, and Cycling to Work. Archives of internal medicine, 160(11), 1621-1628. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.11.1621
Anandababu, D., Purushothaman, B., & Suresh, B. S. (2018). Estimation of land surface temperature using Landsat 8 data. International Journal of Advance Research, 4(2), 177-186.
Appleyard, B. S., Frost, A. R., & Allen, C. (2019). Are all transit stations equal and equitable? Calculating sustainability, livability, health, & equity performance of smart growth & transit-oriented-development (TOD). Journal of Transport & Health, 14, 100584. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100584
Ashik, F. R., Rahman, M., & Kamruzzaman, M. (2022). Investigating the impacts of transit-oriented development on transport-related CO2 emissions. Transportation Research Part D-Transport and Environment, 105, 103227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103227
Avila-Palencia, I., Int Panis, L., Dons, E., Gaupp-Berghausen, M., Raser, E., Götschi, T., Gerike, R., Brand, C., de Nazelle, A., Orjuela, J. P., Anaya-Boig, E., Stigell, E., Kahlmeier, S., Iacorossi, F., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2018). The effects of transport mode use on self-perceived health, mental health, and social contact measures: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Environ Int, 120, 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.002
Bamberg, S., Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2003). Choice of Travel Mode in the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Roles of Past Behavior, Habit, and Reasoned Action. Basic and applied social psychology, 25(3), 175-187. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324834BASP2503_01
Beirão, G., & Sarsfield Cabral, J. A. (2007). Understanding attitudes towards public transport and private car: A qualitative study. Transport policy, 14(6), 478-489. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.04.009
Besser, L. M., & Dannenberg, A. L. (2005). Walking to Public Transit: Steps to Help Meet Physical Activity Recommendations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29(4), 273-280. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.010
Beyer, A.-K., K., W. J., M., W. L., Benjamin, S., & and Wurm, S. (2015). The role of physical activity in the relationship between self-perceptions of ageing and self-rated health in older adults. Psychology & Health, 30(6), 671-685. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2015.1014370
Bhagat-Conway, M. W., Mirtich, L., Salon, D., Harness, N., Consalvo, A., & Hong, S. (2024). Subjective variables in travel behavior models: a critical review and Standardized Transport Attitude Measurement Protocol (STAMP). Transportation, 51(1), 155-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-022-10323-7
Brown, T., & Onsman, A. (2010). Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Five-Step Guide for Novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 8, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.8.3.93
Calthorpe, P., & Fulton, W. B. (2001). The Regional City: planning for the end of sprawl. Island Press. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10064699
Calthorpe, P. (1993). The next American metropolis (Vol. 23). New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Cervero, R., & Kockelman, K. (1997). Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3), 199-219. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6
Chen, K., Zhang, G., Wu, H., Mao, R., & Chen, X. (2023). Uncovering the Carbon Emission Intensity and Reduction Potentials of the Metro Operation Phase: A Case Study in Shenzhen Megacity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010206
Chen, Q., Yan, Y., Zhang, X., & Chen, J. (2022). Impact of Subjective and Objective Factors on Subway Travel Behavior: Spatial Differentiation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15858. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315858
Cheng, L., Chen, X., De Vos, J., Lai, X., & Witlox, F. (2019). Applying a random forest method approach to model travel mode choice behavior. Travel Behaviour and Society, 14, 1-10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2018.09.002
Couper, M. P. (2000). Review: Web Surveys: A Review of Issues and Approaches. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(4), 464-494. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3078739
Dawkins, C., & Moeckel, R. (2016). Transit-Induced Gentrification: Who Will Stay, and Who Will Go? Housing Policy Debate, 26(4-5), 801-818. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2016.1138986
De Vos, J., Lättman, K., van der Vlugt, A.-L., Welsch, J., & Otsuka, N. (2023). Determinants and effects of perceived walkability: a literature review, conceptual model and research agenda. Transport reviews, 43(2), 303-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2022.2101072
Delmelle, E. C. (2021). Chapter Six - Transit-induced gentrification and displacement: The state of the debate. In R. H. M. Pereira & G. Boisjoly (Eds.), Advances in Transport Policy and Planning (Vol. 8, pp. 173-190). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.atpp.2021.06.005
Deng, Y., & Zhao, P. (2022). The impact of new metro on travel behavior: Panel analysis using mobile phone data. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 162, 46-57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.05.013
Dutta, K., Basu, D., & Agrawal, S. (2021). Synergetic interaction between spatial land cover dynamics and expanding urban heat islands. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(4), 184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08969-4
Elmarakby, E., & Elkadi, H. (2024). Impact of urban morphology on Urban Heat Island in Manchester's transit-oriented development. Journal of cleaner production, 434, 140009. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140009
Elmarakby, E., Khalifa, M., Elshater, A., & Afifi, S. (2020). Spatial Morphology and Urban Heat Island: Comparative Case Studies. Architecture and Urbanism: A Smart Outlook, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52584-2_31
Elmarakby, E., Khalifa, M., Elshater, A., & Afifi, S. (2022). Tailored methods for mapping urban heat islands in Greater Cairo Region. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 13(2), 101545. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.06.030
Ferrucci, L., Izmirlian, G., Leveille, S., Phillips, C. L., Corti, M. C., Brock, D. B., & Guralnik, J. M. (1999). Smoking, physical activity, and active life expectancy. Am J Epidemiol, 149(7), 645-653. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009865
Fowler Jr, F. J. (2013). Survey research methods. Sage publications.
Franco, O. H., de Laet, C., Peeters, A., Jonker, J., Mackenbach, J., & Nusselder, W. (2005). Effects of physical activity on life expectancy with cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med, 165(20), 2355-2360. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.20.2355
Frank, L. D., Fox, E. H., Ulmer, J. M., Chapman, J. E., & Braun, L. M. (2022). Quantifying the health benefits of transit-oriented development: Creation and application of the San Diego Public Health Assessment Model (SD-PHAM). Transport policy, 115, 14-26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.10.005
Galea, S., & Vlahov, D. (2005). Urban health: evidence, challenges, and directions. Annual review of public health, 26(1), 341-365. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144708
Giannini, M. B., Belfiore, O. R., Parente, C., & Santamaria, R. (2015). Land Surface Temperature from Landsat 5 TM images: comparison of different methods using airborne thermal data. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, 8(3), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.25103/jestr.083.12
Glock, J.-P., & Gerlach, J. (2023). Berlin Pankow: a 15-min city for everyone? A case study combining accessibility, traffic noise, air pollution, and socio-structural data. European Transport Research Review, 15(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-023-00577-2
Griffiths, B., & Curtis, C. (2017). Effectiveness of Transit Oriented Development in Reducing Car Use: Case Study of Subiaco, Western Australia. Urban Policy and Research, 35(4), 391-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2017.1311855
Hajat, S., O'Connor, M., & Kosatsky, T. (2010). Health effects of hot weather: from awareness of risk factors to effective health protection. The lancet, 375(9717), 856-863. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61711-6
Hancock, T. (2018). Healthy cities 2.0: transitioning towards ‘One Planet’ cities (key challenges facing twenty-first-century cities, part 3). Cities & health, 2(1), 22-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2018.1526659
Hancock, T., Desai, P., & Patrick, R. (2020). Tools for creating a future of healthy One Planet cities in the Anthropocene. Cities & health, 4(2), 180-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2019.1668336
Hancock, T., & Duhl, L. J. (1986). Healthy cities: Promoting health in the urban context. The Authors.
He, M., He, M., He, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2007). sustainable energy development in urban transportation system under TOD pattern: A case study in China. GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH NETWORK, 35. https://gmsarnjournal.com/home/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/vol1no1-6.pdf
Humphreys, D. K., Goodman, A., & Ogilvie, D. (2013). Associations between active commuting and physical and mental wellbeing. Prev Med, 57(2), 135-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.04.008
Ibraeva, A., Van Wee, B., de Almeida Correia, G. H., & Antunes, A. P. (2021). Longitudinal macro-analysis of car-use changes resulting from a TOD-type project: The case of Metro do Porto (Portugal). Journal of Transport Geography, 92, 103036. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103036
Idler, E. L., & Benyamini, Y. (1997). Self-Rated Health and Mortality: A Review of Twenty-Seven Community Studies. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38(1), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.2307/2955359
Institute of Highways. (2000). Guidelines for Providing for Journeys on Foot. Institution of Highways and Transportation. https://programmeofficers.co.uk/Wirral/CoreDocuments/CD3/CD03.10_CIHT%20guidelines%20for%20providing%20for%20journeys%20on%20foot%202000.pdf
Jia, C., Wang, X., Qian, C., Cao, Z., Zhao, L., & Lin, L. (2025). Quantitative study on the environmental impact of Beijing’s urban rail transit based on carbon emission reduction. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 2380. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86714-4
Kamruzzaman, M., Baker, D., Washington, S., & Turrell, G. (2014). Advance transit oriented development typology: case study in Brisbane, Australia. Journal of Transport Geography, 34, 54-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.11.002
Kamruzzaman, M., Deilami, K., & Yigitcanlar, T. (2018). Investigating the urban heat island effect of transit oriented development in Brisbane. Journal of Transport Geography, 66, 116-124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.11.016
Kaplan, S., Manca, F., Nielsen, T. A. S., & Prato, C. G. (2015). Intentions to use bike-sharing for holiday cycling: An application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Tourism Management, 47, 34-46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.08.017
Khan, M. Y., Qayoom, A., Nizami, M., Siddiqui, M. S., Wasi, S., & Syed, K.-U.-R. R. (2021). Automated Prediction of Good Dictionary EXamples (GDEX): A Comprehensive Experiment with Distant Supervision, Machine Learning, and Word Embedding-Based Deep Learning Techniques. Complexity. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2553199
Koohsari, M. J., Badland, H., Sugiyama, T., Mavoa, S., Christian, H., & Giles-Corti, B. (2015). Mismatch between perceived and objectively measured land use mix and street connectivity: associations with neighborhood walking. Journal of Urban Health, 92(2), 242-252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9928-x
Langlois, M., Wasfi, R. A., Ross, N. A., & El-Geneidy, A. M. (2016). Can transit-oriented developments help achieve the recommended weekly level of physical activity? Journal of Transport & Health, 3(2), 181-190. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2016.02.006
Li, D., & Bou-Zeid, E. (2013). Synergistic Interactions between Urban Heat Islands and Heat Waves: The Impact in Cities Is Larger than the Sum of Its Parts. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 52(9), 2051-2064. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-02.1
Li, L., Xiong, J., Chen, A., Zhao, S., & Dong, Z. (2015). Key Strategies for Improving Public Transportation Based on Planned Behavior Theory: Case Study in Shanghai, China. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 141(2), 04014019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000203
Lucas, K., Stokes, G., Bastiaanssen, J., & Burkinshaw, J. (2011). Travel behaviour and social disadvantage (Unsuccessful Working Carers Project Report, Issue. https://www.its.leeds.ac.uk/fileadmin/user_upload/UWCReportSept2011.pdf
Mehdizadeh, M., & Kroesen, M. (2025). Does perceived accessibility affect travel behavior or vice versa? Alternative theories testing bidirectional effects and (in)consistency over time. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 191, 104318. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2024.104318
Miao, Q., Welch, E. W., & Sriraj, P. S. (2019). Extreme weather, public transport ridership and moderating effect of bus stop shelters. Journal of Transport Geography, 74, 125-133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.11.007
Ming Wen, L., & Rissel, C. (2008). Inverse associations between cycling to work, public transport, and overweight and obesity: Findings from a population based study in Australia. Preventive Medicine, 46(1), 29-32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.009
Mohd Ali, N. F., Mohd Sadullah, A. F., Abdul Majeed, A. P. P., Mohd Razman, M. A., & Musa, R. M. (2022). The identification of significant features towards travel mode choice and its prediction via optimised random forest classifier: An evaluation for active commuting behavior. Journal of Transport & Health, 25, 101362. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2022.101362
Mueller, N., Rojas-Rueda, D., Cole-Hunter, T., de Nazelle, A., Dons, E., Gerike, R., Götschi, T., Int Panis, L., Kahlmeier, S., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2015). Health impact assessment of active transportation: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 76, 103-114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.010
Mueller, N., Rojas-Rueda, D., Khreis, H., Cirach, M., Andrés, D., Ballester, J., Bartoll, X., Daher, C., Deluca, A., & Echave, C. (2020). Changing the urban design of cities for health: The superblock model. Environment international, 134, 105132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105132
Ng, E. (2009). Policies and technical guidelines for urban planning of high-density cities – air ventilation assessment (AVA) of Hong Kong. Building and Environment, 44(7), 1478-1488. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.06.013
Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2020). Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities; A review of the current evidence. Environment international, 140, 105661. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105661
N. Rahim, A., Thomas, J., & Baburajan, V. (2022). Investigating the Intention to Use Metro Services: A Behavioral Approach. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference of Transportation Research Group of India, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9921-4_18
Nogueira, M., Dias, F., & Santos, V. (2023). Sustainable mobility choices: Exploring the impact of consumers' values, attitudes, perceived behavioural control and subjective norms on the likelihood to choose sustainable mobility options. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 22(2), 511-528. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2144
Olawale, F., & Garwe, D. (2010). Obstacles to the growth of new SMEs in South Africa: A principal component analysis approach. African journal of Business management, 4(5), 729.
https://academicjournals.org/article/article1380715803_Olawale%20and%20Garwe.pdf
Patill, V., & Singh, K. (2024). Role of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in Making Healthy Cities—Case Delhi. Sustainable Materials, Singapore.
Pongprasert, P., & Kubota, H. (2019). TOD residents’ attitudes toward walking to transit station: a case study of transit-oriented developments (TODs) in Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of modern transportation, 27(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40534-018-0170-1
Rastogi, R., & Krishna Rao, K. V. (2003). Travel Characteristics of Commuters Accessing Transit: Case Study. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 129(6), 684-694. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2003)129:6(684)
Ravensbergen, L., Rania, W., Mathilde, V. L., Isidor, E., A., P. S., Gregory, B., Yan, K., & and El-Geneidy, A. (2023). Associations between Light Rail Transit and physical activity: a systematic review. Transport reviews, 43(2), 234-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2022.2099999
Rastogi, R., & Krishna Rao, K. V. (2003). Travel Characteristics of Commuters Accessing Transit: Case Study. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 129(6), 684-694. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2003)129:6(684)
Reimers, C. D., Knapp, G., & Reimers, A. K. (2012). Does physical activity increase life expectancy? A review of the literature. Journal of aging research, 2012(1), 243958. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/243958
Renne, J. L. (2009). From transit-adjacent to transit-oriented development. Local Environment, 14(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830802522376
Rissel, C., Curac, N., Greenaway, M., & Bauman, A. (2012). Physical Activity Associated with Public Transport Use—A Review and Modelling of Potential Benefits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(7), 2454-2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9072454
Riva, G., Teruzzi, T., & Anolli, L. (2003). The Use of the Internet in Psychological Research: Comparison of Online and Offline Questionnaires. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(1), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493103321167983
Rojas-Rueda, D., De Nazelle, A., Andersen, Z. J., Braun-Fahrländer, C., Bruha, J., Bruhova-Foltynova, H., Desqueyroux, H., Praznoczy, C., Ragettli, M. S., & Tainio, M. (2016). Health impacts of active transportation in Europe. PloS one, 11(3), e0149990. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149990
Russonello, B. (2003). Stewart. americans’ attitudes toward walking and creating better walking communities. In: Washington, DC: Surface Transportation Policy Project. https://transact.enotrans.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Attitudes_Toward_Creating_Walking_Communities.pdf
Sahlqvist, S., Goodman, A., Cooper, A. R., & Ogilvie, D. (2013). Change in active travel and changes in recreational and total physical activity in adults: longitudinal findings from the iConnect study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-28
Saleh, S., Tithi, A. S., Sakib, N., Paul, T., Anwari, N., & Amin, S. (2023). Theory of planned behavior to understand commuter’s perception towards mass rapid transit in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Sustainability, 15(14), 11270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411270
Sallis, J. F., Cerin, E., Conway, T. L., Adams, M. A., Frank, L. D., Pratt, M., Salvo, D., Schipperijn, J., Smith, G., Cain, K. L., Davey, R., Kerr, J., Lai, P.-C., Mitáš, J., Reis, R., Sarmiento, O. L., Schofield, G., Troelsen, J., Van Dyck, D.,…Owen, N. (2016). Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. The lancet, 387(10034), 2207-2217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2
Sallis, J. F., Frank, L. D., Saelens, B. E., & Kraft, M. K. (2004). Active transportation and physical activity: opportunities for collaboration on transportation and public health research. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 38(4), 249-268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2003.11.003
Schauder, S. A., & Foley, M. C. (2015). The relationship between active transportation and health. Journal of Transport & Health, 2(3), 343-349. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2015.06.006
Shaaban, K., Deepti, M., & and Elnashar, D. (2018). Evaluating the effect of seasonal variations on walking behaviour in a hot weather country using logistic regression. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 22(3), 382-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2017.1403363
Shaaban, K., & Maher, A. (2020). Using the theory of planned behavior to predict the use of an upcoming public transportation service in Qatar. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 8(2), 484-491. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2019.11.001
Sharma, N., Singh, A., Dhyani, R., & Gaur, S. (2014). Emission reduction from MRTS projects – A case study of Delhi metro. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 5(4), 721-728. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2014.081
Sharma, V. R., & Bisht, K. (2019). Estimation of land surface temperature using Landsat data: A case study of Agra city, India. Int J Adv Res Ideas Innov Technol, 5, 1850-1857.
Shen, Q., Xu, S., & Lin, J. (2018). Effects of bus transit-oriented development (BTOD) on single-family property value in Seattle metropolitan area. Urban Studies, 55(13), 2960-2979. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017729078
Sim, E., Krause, A., & Winson-Geideman, K. (2015). The impact of transit-oriented development (TOD) on residential property prices: the case of Box Hill, Melbourne. Pacific Rim Property Research Journal, 21(3), 199-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/14445921.2016.1140715
Smith, M., Hosking, J., Woodward, A., Witten, K., MacMillan, A., Field, A., Baas, P., & Mackie, H. (2017). Systematic literature review of built environment effects on physical activity and active transport – an update and new findings on health equity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0613-9
Smith, W. G. (2008). Does gender influence online survey participation? A record-linkage analysis of university faculty online survey response behavior. Online submission.
Soni, A. R., & Chandel, M. K. (2018). Assessment of emission reduction potential of Mumbai metro rail. Journal of cleaner production, 197, 1579-1586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.216
Stark, J., Berger, W. J., & Hössinger, R. (2018). The effectiveness of an intervention to promote active travel modes in early adolescence. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 55, 389-402. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.03.017
Sun, Q., Macleod, T., Both, A., Hurley, J., Butt, A., & Amati, M. (2021). A human-centred assessment framework to prioritise heat mitigation efforts for active travel at city scale. Science of The Total Environment, 763, 143033. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143033
Thrun, E., Leider, J., & Chriqui, J. F. (2016). Exploring the Cross-Sectional Association between Transit-Oriented Development Zoning and Active Travel and Transit Usage in the United States, 2010–2014 [Original Research]. Frontiers in public health, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00113
Tsouros, A. D. (2015). Twenty-seven years of the WHO European Healthy Cities movement: a sustainable movement for change and innovation at the local level. Health promotion international, 30(suppl_1), i3-i7. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dav046
Turrell, G., Hewitt, B., Haynes, M., Nathan, A., & Giles-Corti, B. (2014). Change in walking for transport: a longitudinal study of the influence of neighbourhood disadvantage and individual-level socioeconomic position in mid-aged adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 151. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0151-7
UN-Habitat. (2022). WORLD CITIES REPORT 2022. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2022/07/chapter_2_wcr_2022.pdf
UN-Habitat. (n.d.). urban health. https://unhabitat.org/topic/urban-health
UN. (2018). The world’s cities in 2018. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2020/Jan/un_2018_worldcities_databooklet.pdf
Wang, J., Cheng, W., Lu, Y., & Wang, D. (2023). Effect of rail transit on travel behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 122, 103882. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103882
Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Cmaj, 174(6), 801-809. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.051351
Wen, C. P., Wai, J. P. M., Tsai, M. K., Yang, Y. C., Cheng, T. Y. D., Lee, M.-C., Chan, H. T., Tsao, C. K., Tsai, S. P., & Wu, X. (2011). Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. The lancet, 378(9798), 1244-1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60749-6
Wismadi, M. T., Frøyen, Y. K., & Rasheed, A. (2025). Sustainable Active Travel in Environmentally Challenging Cities: A Systematic Review of Barriers and Strategies. Sustainability, 17(3).
ismadi, M. T., Frøyen, Y. K., & Rasheed, A. (2025). Sustainable Active Travel in Environmentally Challenging Cities: A Systematic Review of Barriers and Strategies. Sustainability, 17(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031276
Younkin, S. G., Fremont, H. C., & Patz, J. A. (2021). The Health-Oriented Transportation Model: Estimating the health benefits of active transportation. Journal of Transport & Health, 22, 101103. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101103
Yu, Y., & de Dear, R. (2022). Thermal respite for pedestrians in overheated urban environments – Introduction of a dynamic analysis of outdoor thermal comfort. Sustainable Cities and Society, 86, 104149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104149
Zeng, P., Sun, F., Shi, D., Liu, Y., Zhang, R., Tian, T., & Che, Y. (2022). Integrating anthropogenic heat emissions and cooling accessibility to explore environmental justice in heat-related health risks in Shanghai, China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 226, 104490. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104490
Zhang, X., Liu, D., Wang, Y., & Du, H. (2021). Behavioral Intentions of Urban Rail Transit Passengers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Tianjin, China: A Model Integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior and Customer Satisfaction Theory. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2021(1), 8793101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8793101
Zhang, M. (2025). Next-Gen TOD: Transforming Transit Oriented Development to Embrace New Challenges and Opportunities. Urban Rail Transit. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40864-025-00242-y
丁壇, 簡文彥, & 陳韋伶. (2015). 永續都市的 TOD 發展策略. In: 捷運技術.
文嬿翔. (2012). Green TOD下建成環境規劃與設計之研究 〔碩士論文，國立臺北大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 新北市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/2e3dmu
王建興, & 鄭貴黛. (2016). 自行車騎乘轉乘大眾運輸系統之行為與需求 [Cyclists’ Behavior and Their Needs of Transferring the Public Transportation System]. 大專體育(136), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.2016.136.02
白仁德, & 劉人華. (2014). 大眾運輸導向建成環境特性對捷運運量影響之研究－以臺北捷運為實證對象 [The Influence of TOD Build Environment Attributes on Metro Ridership: A Case Study of Taipei City]. 建築與規劃學報, 15(2&3), 111-127. Article/Detail?docID=16068238-201412-201502130038-201502130038-111-127
余民寧；陳新豐；游森期；李仁豪；謝仁昌；劉旻如；韓珞華；黃秋華. (2005). 網路化問卷調查方法學之研究：以教育研究議題為例(2/2). 行政院國家科學委員會.
吳欣祐. (2013). 大眾運輸導向發展下低碳城市規劃設計策略之研究 －以新北市板橋站為例 〔碩士論文，國立臺北大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 新北市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/sjat8q
李怡婷. (2005). 大眾運輸導向發展策略對捷運站區房地產價格之影響分析 〔碩士論文，國立成功大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 臺南市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/unjga8
李家儂. (2003). 都會區大眾運輸導向發展之規劃模式 〔碩士論文，國立臺北大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 新北市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/qr47h6
李家儂. (2014). 以空間型構法則建構 TOD 區內步行導向土地使用規劃及場站內部環境空間設計模型 [研究計畫, 中國文化大學〕. 文化大學機構典藏. 臺北市. https://irlib.pccu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/26907
李家儂, & 賴宗裕. (2005). 臺灣地區大眾運輸導向發展之落實－借鏡美國的實施經驗 [Application of Transit-Oriented Development in Taiwan Based on American Experience]. 都市交通, 20(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.29774/UT.200510.0001
李家儂, & 羅健文. (2006). 大眾運輸導向發展設計概念中步行可及性與大眾捷運系統旅次關係之初探 [The Discussion on Relationships of Accessibility in TOD Concepts and Mass Rapid Transit Trips]. 都市交通, 20(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.29774/UT.200601.0001
林楨家, & 施亭伃. (2007). 大眾運輸導向發展之建成環境對捷運運量之影響-臺北捷運系統之實證研究. 運輸計劃季刊, 36(4), 451-476.
林子平, 蔡沛淇, 歐星妤, & 張洲滄. (2023). 熱島效應緩解策略之風廊系統的指認與應用. 土木水利, 50(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.6653/MoCICHE.202302_50(1).0005
林慶哲. (2018). 捷運場站周邊地區步行環境改善策略之研究─大眾運輸導向廊帶空間發展理念的導入 〔碩士論文，中國文化大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 臺北市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/6hku3n
林勳杰. (2023). 捷運土地聯合開發用地劃設評估模式之研究－以臺北都會區捷運系統為例. 價值管理(35), 12-27. https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail/P20121018005-N202305060003-00002
邱英浩, 吳欣修, & 解鴻年. (2022). 以步行為導向之捷運站TOD都市設計準則建立與實證 [Establishment and Validation of The Pedestrian-oriented TOD Urban Design Guidelines for MRT Station]. 都市與計劃, 49(2), 149-180. https://doi.org/10.6128/CP.202206_49(2).0002
邱英浩, 林淑雯, & 柯筠芸. (2022). 以生理及心理感受建立捷運場站周邊步行可及性指標之研究. Journal of Taiwan Land Research, 25(2), 89-120.
邱裕鈞. (2012). 公路公共運輸發展政策推動效益之評估與回饋-運具選擇行為變動之分析及決策支援系統建置 (2/2) 〔研究計畫, 國立陽明交通大學〕. 新竹市.https://www.grb.gov.tw/search/planDetail?id=2472968&docId=384486.
紀百晉. (2004). 城際大眾運輸系統中乘客群之搭乘行為與心理關聯因素量測之研究 〔碩士論文，國立交通大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 新竹市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/kqwc3s
胡淑貞, & 蔡詩薏. (2004). WHO 健康城市概念. (No. 1), 1-8. Retrieved 2004-01, from http://ir.lib.ncku.edu.tw/handle/987654321/130594
唐仁梂. (2010). 從大眾運輸導向發展理論(TOD)談臺中縣市合併-後城市競爭力與都市土地開發之研究. https://rdnet.taichung.gov.tw/media/427806/210200133686.pdf
張羽捷. (2013). 考量永續運輸原則下之TOD車站方案評選與建成環境設計研究－以新北市捷運安坑線為例 〔碩士論文，國立臺北大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 新北市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/gn7z3c
梁長呈. (2010). 車站地區人行空間使用感知影響因素之研究—以高雄市捷運三多商圈站區為例 〔碩士論文，國立成功大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 臺南市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/9tk8jr
梁瑩瑩. (2021). 捷運場站周邊步行環境改善對居民步行意願之影響研究 〔碩士論文，中國文化大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 臺北市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/4n4wu8
許佑君, & 吳杰穎. (2023). 大眾運輸導向發展容積獎勵之災害韌性評估指標：以臺北都會區為例 [Disaster Resilience Indicators for Transit-oriented Development Building Bulk reward: The Case of Taipei Metropolitan Area]. 建築與規劃學報, 23(1&2), 87-102. https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=16068238-N202308260007-00005
陳芊灼. (2007). 影響使用大眾捷運系統因素之研究 〔碩士論文，國立政治大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 臺北市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/6384s9
陳姿彤. (2018). 捷運場站周邊地區步行空間品質之研究-大眾運輸導向之廊帶空間發展的觀點檢視 〔碩士論文，中國文化大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 臺北市https://irlib.pccu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/39774
陳昱如. (2011). 大眾運輸導向發展下之行人徒步建成環境規劃與設計研究 〔碩士論文，國立臺北大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 新北市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/ak6a6y
陳勝智. (2001). 以大眾運輸導向發展理念進行車站地區都市再發展之探討 〔碩士論文，國立成功大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 臺南市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/2us4tx
黃碧虹. (2009). 大眾運輸導向發展對都市環境之影響---以臺南都會區為例 〔碩士論文，國立成功大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 臺南市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/3v3m3w
楊淯筑. (2012). 自行車轉乘捷運之行為意向研究 〔碩士論文，國立臺灣大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 臺北市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/3fhzv4
葉欣誠, & 程金保. (2020). 環保低碳運具在臺灣推行之比較分析報告 (國立臺灣師範大學 環境教育研究所, Issue. https://www.giee.ntnu.edu.tw/uploads/archive_file_multiple/file.pdf
蕭宇軒. (2010). 影響大眾運輸使用因素之研究 〔碩士論文，國立成功大學〕. 臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統. 臺南市. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/kk85q9
Chou, A (2020)。國人捷運搭乘習慣問卷調查 https://www.pollread.com/2020/10/13/
交通部統計處(2023)。111年民眾日常使用運具狀況調查:摘要分析。檢自：https://www.motc.gov.tw/ch/app/data/view?module=survey&id=56&serno=202304280009
吳嘉昌 (2022)。高雄市議會第4屆第4次定期大會 高雄市政府捷運工程局業務報告。檢自：https://cissearch.kcc.gov.tw/Upload/Attachment/BusinessReport/1611/637d4c84-17de-40ac-a6a6-c7688da80d22.pdf
臺中市政府(2017)。臺中市區域計畫。檢自：https://www.nlma.gov.tw/uploads/files/12cf21ce5665dae4ff7070400a286527.pdf
臺中市政府(2018)。變更臺中市都市計畫主要計畫(第四次通盤檢討)(第一階段)書。檢自：https://www.nlma.gov.tw/uploads/files/12cf21ce5665dae4ff7070400a286527.pdf
臺中市政府(2021)。臺中市國土計畫。檢自：https://www.ud.taichung.gov.tw/media/672316/%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%9F%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB.pdf
臺中市政府 (2021)。檢送110年8月27日召開「都市計畫法臺中市施行自治條例」修正草案公聽會紀錄。 檢自：https://reurl.cc/RY5Dj6
臺中捷運(2022)。2022 臺中捷運公司年報。檢自：https://www.tmrt.com.tw/Content/Uploads/PublicClassArticle/b663bfa0-d098-423f-ba66-ebfd99fa0b7a.pdf
臺中市政府(2023)。變更臺中市都市計畫(舊有市區及一至五期市地重劃地區)細部計畫(第三次通盤檢討)(第一階段)書。檢自：https://reurl.cc/VW8yAn
臺北市政府都市發展局(2018)。臺北市大眾運輸導向之都市發展策略及執行手冊規劃專業服務委託案總結報告書。 檢自：https://reurl.cc/Gn8DmW
WHO. (n.d.-a). Activities. https://who-sandbox.squiz.cloud/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/urban-health/activities (檢索日期：2024/11/26)
WHO. (n.d.-b). Urban health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/urban-health#tab=tab_1(檢索日期：2024/11/26)
推動臺灣會展產業發展計畫（MEET TAIWAN） https://mice.meettaiwan.com/meettaiwan/netzero/carbon-calculation2/(檢索日期：2025/4/30)
陳淑娟（2025）。臺中捷運藍線13處土地聯開 7處明年招商。工商時報。檢自 https://www.ctee.com.tw/news/20250511700497-431401(檢索日期：2025/4/30)
陳宏明（2017）。大眾捷運系統毗鄰土地開發之修法方向研析。立法院法制局議題研析，R00142。檢自 https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=6590&pid=85414 （檢索日期：2024/11/29）
臺中市政府都市發展局（2021）。《都市計畫法臺中市施行自治條例部分條文修正草案公聽會紀錄》（110年8月27日）。臺中市政府都市發展局。檢自 https://reurl.cc/lzmX9A （檢索日期：2024/11/29）
臺北捷運公司。（2024）。臺北捷運公司 - 永續發展專區 - 環境友善、捷淨永續Neutrality。https://www.metro.taipei/cp.aspx?n=B44A143F2A58B5EE&s=A5EC4ED76D031942(檢索日期：2025/7/20)
環境部淨零綠生活資訊平臺-04 低碳運輸網絡(行) https://greenlifestyle.moenv.gov.tw/NetZeroIndex/TransportNetwork(檢索日期：2025/4/30)