考古寄生蟲學（Archaeoparasitology）是一門透過蒐集遺址中的寄生蟲資訊並整合到考古學理論和解釋中的學科。由於寄生蟲的存活與繁殖取決於環境及其宿主的活動，因此考古寄生蟲學研究可以說明文化發展和環境壓力如何對史前人群和所感染寄生蟲間的關係造成影響，例如寄生蟲的存在和分布可以反映出人類居住地區的衛生狀況、飲食習慣、社會結構和環境壓力等因素，進一步推測過去人群的生活樣貌。
為了認識烏山頭遺址早期人群寄生蟲感染的基礎資料，探討寄生蟲感染與性別、年齡是否有關聯性，並藉由寄生蟲的種類推測覓食對象與方式，本研究以烏山頭遺址為研究地點，於2021-2022年共採集99個土壤樣本，包含38具墓葬、數個灰坑與部分文化層區域做為研究材料，進行寄生蟲檢驗、計算感染率與感染強度（每公克樣本蟲卵數，即EPG）等資料進行分析研究。並且，結合發掘報告以及考量寄生蟲的感染途徑與生活史，嘗試探討生業模式與是否有性別分工可能。
分析寄生蟲檢驗結果，可以知道在距今約2,800～2,300年的時間段，寄生蟲已普遍存在史前聚落中，至少有蛔蟲、鞭蟲與絛蟲等寄生蟲感染。配合前期發掘出土遺物，並綜合多方資訊，隱約描繪出史前社會的聚居型態與生業模式。其中土源性蠕蟲具較高流行率，說明當時環境適合蛔蟲與鞭蟲的蟲卵發育，且一定程度的污染人群的生活環境或飲食造成生存壓力；絛蟲存在則說明人群對動物性蛋白的攝取需求，成年男性與女性感染率的不同，則可能與獵物分配和飲食習慣有關。將寄生蟲感染率及感染強度的檢驗結果與相關文獻和發掘結果進一步比對，推測烏山頭遺址的大湖文化人群已有較固定的活動與居住區域並且從事結合耕種、狩獵和採集水域資源等多元的生業模式。

Analyzing the prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections in prehistoric populations can provide insights into various aspects of their lives, such as the past living environment and dietary habits. Parasitic infections are generally caused by living conditions as well as food and water sources. Therefore, studying the frequency and severity of parasitic infections in prehistoric populations helps shed light on their lifestyles. It can also contribute to discussions on topics such as subsistence strategies, the social division of labour, and the overall understanding of their historical context.
The samples for this study were collected from excavations of the Wushantou site between 2021 and 2022. The research materials consisted of soil samples obtained from 38 burials, several ash pits, and selected cultural layers. These samples were subjected to parasitic examination to calculate the infection rate and infection intensity (Eggs Per Gram of sample, EPG). Current research aimed to establish fundamental data on parasitic infections among the early population at the Wushantou site. The study aimed to investigate whether there were differences in parasitic infections based on sex and age at death. By considering the excavation reports and taking into account the possible routes of parasite infection and life history, the study sought to explore subsistence strategies and the potential presence of a sex-based division of labor.
Through the study results, it was determined that the prehistoric population was infected with at least three types of parasites: roundworms, whipworms, and tapeworms. Based on the detected parasite species and the calculation of infection rates and intensity, it was found that parasitic infections were prevalent among the prehistoric population. Further analysis based on the parasite species and the archaeological remains unearthed suggested that the Wushantou population likely engaged in diverse subsistence strategies, including fishing, hunting, gathering, and farming. The presence of tapeworm infections exclusively in males and roundworm infections in females, combined with the knowledge of parasite life cycles and infection routes, hinted at the possibility of a sex-based division of labour. However, the overall low number of detected parasite eggs could be attributed to the unfavorable soil condition in Tainan, which may have hindered the preservation of parasite eggs.

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中央氣象局2023 觀測資料查詢CODiS https://e-service.cwb.gov.tw/HistoryDataQuery/index.jsp
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