在新經濟體系裏，勝利的原素不再是傳統的生產要素，是來自於組織的知識與能力(Narasimha,2000；Twomey and Harris,2000)；而人力資源功能是發展組織知識與能力的重要因素之一。且透過人力資源功能的發展與推行，分析、整合與培養組織內部的資源與能力，將可影響組織的創新，並且能創造組織的持久性競爭優勢(Amit and Belcourt,1999；Narasimha,2000；Twomey and Harris, 2000)。儘管自90年代開始，新的人力資源功能在實務界與學術界已極受重視，但文獻上郤鮮少以實證方式，綜合探討組織內外部因素與之關係，及其對組織創新績效之影響。因此，本研究針對我國企業，以過去相關研究為基礎，採用資源基礎觀點建立一整合性架構，探討產業環境變動、組織競爭策略、組織文化與組織結構對人力資源功能發展之影響，以及進一步探討對組織創新績效之影響。

　　本研究之研究母體為西元2003年台灣地區排名前5000名之大型企業，其中按母體分配比例，以分層隨機抽樣方法抽取500個樣本。在所寄發的500份問卷中，共回收問卷84份，扣除無效問卷6份後，計為78份有效問卷，有效回收率為15.6%。

　　本研究依據問卷回收結果，進行複迴歸分析、集群分析與變異數分析等統計分析，獲得下列研究結果：
　（1）產業環境之市場變動程度愈大，人力資源之變革促動者與員工前導者二項功能的發展愈高；且產業環境之產業競爭程度愈大，人力資源之員工前導者功能的發展亦會愈高。
　（2）組織成本領導策略導向愈高，對人力資源功能之策略性夥伴、行政專家與員工前導者三項功能的發展具有顯著之正向關係；組織差異化策略導向愈高，對人力資源功能之變革促動者與員工前導者二項功能的發展皆具有顯著之正向關係。
　（3）組織文化之創業特質對人力資源的策略性夥伴與變革促動者兩項功能具顯著之正向關係；而組織文化之共識特質對人力資源的行政專家、變革促動者與員工前導者三項功能具顯著之正向關係。
　（4）組織結構之正式化程度與分權化程度對人力資源功能發展具有顯著之正向影響。
　（5）人力資源功能的發展對組織創新績效具有顯著正向之影響。
　（6）組織競爭策略與人力資源功能之交互作用對於組織創新績效具有顯著之影響。
　（7）組織文化與人力資源功能之交互作用對於組織創新績效具有顯著之影響。
　（8）組織結構與人力資源功能之交互作用對於組織創新績效具有顯著之影響。

none

Aaker, D. A., 1985. Developing Business Strategies, New York: McGraw-Hill, 35-36.

Abernathy, W. J. & Clark, K. B., 1985. Innovation: Mapping the winds of creative destruction. Research Policy, 14: 3-23.

Abernathy, W. J., & Utterback, J. M., 1978. Patterns of Industrial Innovation. Technology Review, 80: 41-47.

Amit, R., & Belcourt, M. 1999. Human Resources Management Processes: A Value-Creating Source of Competitive Advantage. European Management Journal, 17: 174-181.

Ansoff, I. H., & Stewart, J. M. 1967. Strategies for a Tecnology-bsaed Business. Harvard Business Review, May-June, 112-121.

Appleby, A. & Mavin, S. 2000. Innovation not Imitation: Human Resource Strategy and the Impact on World-Class Status. Total Quality Management, 11: S552-S561.

Atkinson, S., Schaefer, A., & Viney, H. 2000.
Organizational Structure and Effective Environmental Management. Business Strategy and the Environment, 9: 108-121.

Atuahene-Gima, K. 1996. Differential Potency of Factors Affecting Innovation Performance in Manufacturing and Services Firms in Australia, J PROD INNOV MANAG, 13: 35-52.

Baldridge, J. V., & Burnham, R. 1975. Organizational Innovation: Industrial, Organizational, and Environmental Impact. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20: 165-176.

Barham, K., & Rassan, C. 1989. Shaping the Corporate Future: Leading Executives Share their Vision and Strategies. Unmin Hyman, London.

Barney, J. B. 1986. Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck and Business Strategy. Management Science, 32: 1231-1241.

Barney, J. B. 1991. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17: 99-120.

Beer, M. 1964. Organizational Size and Job Satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 7: 34-44.

Betz, F. 1993. Strategic Technology Management. Research Technology Management, 36: 50.

Blau, J. R., & Mckinley, W. 1979. Idea, Complexity, and Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24: 200-219.

Blumentritt, R., & Johnston, R. 1999. Towards a Strategy for Knowledge Management. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 11: 287-300.

Bourgeois, L. J. 1985. Strategic Goals, Perceived Uncertainty, and Economic Performance in Volatile Environments. Academy of Management Journal, 28: 548-573.

Brown, R. 1992. Managing the “S” Curves of Innovation, The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 9: 61-72.

Budhwar, P. S., & Sparrow, P. R. 2002. An Integrative Framework for Understanding Cross-National Human Resource Management Practices. Human Resource Management Review, 12: 377-403.

Burns, T., & Stalker, G. M. 1961. The Management of Innovation. London: Tavistock, 119-125.

Buyens, D., Debackere, K., & Vandenbossche, T. 1997. Strategic Career Development for R&D Professionals. Technovation, 17:53-63.

Buyens, D., Wouters, K., & Dewettinck, K. 2001. Future Challenges for Human Resource Development Professionals in European Learning-Oriented Organizations. Journal of European Industrial Training, 25: 442-455.

Cameron, K., & Freeman, S. 1991. Cultural Congruence, Strength, and Type: Relationships to Effectiveness. Research in Organizational Change and Development. Woodman and Passmore, eds. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc., 23-58.

Cebrera, E. F. 2003. Strategic Human Resource Evaluation. Human Resource Planning, 26: 41-51.

Chandler, G. N., & Hanks, S. H. 1994. Founder competence, the environment, and venture performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18: 77-89.

Child, J. 1972. Organization Structure and Strategies of Control: A Replication of the Aston Study. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17: 163.

Child, J. 1973. Predicting and Understanding Organizational Structure. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16: 168-185.

Collis, D. J., & Montgomery, C. A. 1995. Competing on resources: Strategy in the 1990’s. Harvard Business Review, 73: 118-128.

Conner, J., & Ulrich, D. 1996. Human Resource Roles: Creating Value, Not Rhetoric. Human Resource Planning, 19: 38-49.

Cooke, R. A. & Lafferty, J. C. 1986. Level V: Organizational Culture Inventory-Form III. Plymouth, MI: Human Synergistics.

Cooke, R. A., & Rousseau, D. M. 1988. Behavioral Norms and Expectations: A Quantitative Approach to the Assessment of Organizational Culture. Group & Organization Management, 13: 245-273.

Cooper, R. G. 1985. Industrial Firms’ New Product Strategies, Journal of Business Research, 13: 107-121.

Cordero, R. 1990. The Measurement of Innovation Performance in the Firm: an Overview. Research Policy, 19: 185-193.

Cowen, S., Ferreri, L., & Parker, L. 1987. The Impact of Corporate Characteristics on Social Responsibility Disclosure: A Typology and Frequency-Based Analysis. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 12: 111-122.

Daft L. R. 2001. Organization theory and design, 7e, Cincinnati,Ohio: South- Western College Publishing, 85-116.

Daft, R. L., Sormunen,J., & Park, D. 1988. Chief Executive, Scanning Environmental Characteristics and Company Performance: An Empirical Study. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 123-139.

Dalton, D. R., & Kesner, I. F. 1983. Inside/Outside Succession and Organizational Size: The Pragmatics of Executive Replacement. Academy of Management Journal, 26: 736-742.

Damanpour, F. 1991. Organizational Innovation: A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Determinants and Moderators. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 555-590.

Damanpour, F. 1992. Organizational Size and Innovation. Organization Studies, 13: 375-402.

Damanpour, F. 1996. Organizational Complexity and Innovation: Developing and Testing Multiple Contingency Models. Management Science, 42: 693-716.

Damanpour, F., & Gopalakrishnan, S. 2001. The Dynamics of the Adoption of Product and Process Innovations in Organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 38: 45-65.

Das, T. K., & Teng, B. S. 2000. A Resource-based Theory of Strategic Alliances. Journal of Management, 26: 31-36.

De Vos, A., & Buyens, D. 2000. Adding Value through Integration and Involvement: A Qualitative Study about Management’s Perception of the Added Value of the HR Function. Paper presented to the Academy of Management Annual Meeting.

Deal, T. E., & Kennedy, A. A. 1982. Corporate Culture: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Delery, J. E., & Doty, D. H. 1996. Modes of Theorizing in Strategic Human Resource Management: Tests of Universalistic, Contingency, and Configurational Performance Predications. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 802-835.

Deshpande, R., & Farley, J. U. 1999. Corporate Culture and Market Orientation: Comparing Indian and Japanese Firms. Journal of International Marketing, 7: 111-127.

Deshpande, R., & Webster, F. E. 1989. Organizational Culture and Marketing: Defining the Research Agenda. Journal of Marketing, 53: 3-15.

Deshpande, R., Farley, J. U., & Webster, F. E. 1993. Corporate Culture, Customer Orientation, and Innovativeness in Japanese Firms: A Quadrad Analysis. Journal of Marketing, 57: 23-37.

Dess, G. G., & Davis, P. S. 1984. Porter’s (1980) Generic Strategies as Determinants of Strategic Group Membership and Organizational Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 27: 467-488.

Dessler, G. 1986. Organization Theory: Integrating Structure Behavior. Prentice-Hall, N.Y.

Dewar, R. D., & Dutton, J. E. 1986. The Adoption of Radical and Incremental Innovations: An Empirical Analysis. Management Science, 32: 1422-1433.

Dietzenbacher, E. 2000. Spillovers of Innovation Effects, Journal of Policy Modeling, 22: 27-42.

Drucker, P. F. 1974. New Templates for Today Organizations. Harvard Business Review, 52: 45.

Drucker, P. F. 1985. Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles. N.Y.: Harper Business.

Duncan, R. B. 1972. Characteristics of Organizational Environments and Perceived Environmental Uncertainty, Administrative Science Quarterly, 17: 313-327.

Ellis, T. S., & Webster, R. L. 1999. Innovativeness of Information Systems Managers Toward Telecommuting: A Structural Equation Model. The Journal of Computer Information System, 39: 92-98.

Elmore, R. C. 1990 The Linkage Between Organizational Size and the Management Accounting System. Akron Business and Economic Review, 21: 69-80.

Elsey, B. 2001. The Training and Development of Kaizen and Technology Transfer Instructors in the TOYOTA Corporation: A Practical and Conceptual Perspective in Human Resource Development. Training & Management Development Methods, 15: 801-813.

Ettlie, J. E. 1983. Organization Policy and Innovation Among Suppliers to the Food Processing Sector. Academy of Management Journal, 26: 27-44.

Ettlie, J. E., Bridges, W. P., & O’Keefe, R. D. 1984. Organization Strategy and Structural Differences for Radical versus Incremental Innovation. Management Science, 30: 682-695.

Evan, W. M. 1966. Organizational Lag. Human Organizations, 25: 51-53.

Fiegenbaum, A., & Thomas, H. 1990. Strategic Group and Performance: The U.S. insurance industry, 1970-84. Strategic Management Journal, 11: 197-215.

Fombrun, C., & Shanley, M. 1990. What’s in a Name? Reputation Building and Corporate Strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 33: 233-258.

Geertz, C. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, Inc.

Gordon, G. G., & Ditomaso, N. 1992. Predicting Corporate Performance from Organizational Culture. Journal of Management Study, 29: 783-798.

Grant, R. M. 1991. The Resources-based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation. California Management Review, 33: 114-135.

Grossman, J. B. 1970. The Supreme Court and Social Change: A Preliminary. American Behavioral Scientist, 13: 535-551.

Gulati, R., Nohria, N., & Zaheer, A. 2000. Strategic Networks. Strategic Management Journal, 21: 203-215.

Gupta, A., & Singhal, A. 1993. Managing Human Resources for Innovation and Creativity. Research Technology Management, 36: 41-48.

Hage, J. T. 1999. Organizational Innovation and Organizational Change. Annual Review of Sociology, 25: 597-622.

Hakansson, H., & Johanson, J. 1992. A model of Industrial Networks, Industrial Networks: A New View of Reality. London: Routledge Press, 28-34.

Hambrick, D. C. 1983. Some Tests of Effectiveness and Functional Attributes of Miles and Snow’s Strategic Types. Academy of Management Journal, 26: 5-26.

Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. 1990. The Core Competence of the Corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68: 79-91.

Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. 1994. Competing for the future. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Hofer, C. W., & Schendel, D. E. 1978. Strategy Formulation: Analytical Concepts. St. Paul: West Publishing Co.

Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Daval O. D., & Sanders, G.. 1990. Measuring Organizational Cultures: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study across Twenty Cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 286-316.

Howard, J. L. 2001. Human Resource Management Issues as a Small Business Grows. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 4: 51-62.

Huang, T. C. 2001 The Effects of Linkage Between Business and Human Resource Management Strategies. Personnel Review, 30: 132-151.

Huang, T. C., & Cullen, J. B. 2001. Labour Flexibility and Related HRM Practices: A Study of Large Taiwanese Manufacturers. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 18: 33-39.

Hull, F. M., Hage, J., & Azumi, K. 1985. R&D Management Strategies: American versus Japan. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 32: 78-83.

Hull, F., & Hage, J. 1982. Organizing for Innovation: Beyond Burns and Stalker’s Organic Type. Sociology, 16: 564-577.

Jackson, S. E., & Schuler, R. S. 1995. Understanding Human
Resource Management in the Context of Organizations and Their Environments. Annual Review of Psychology, 46: 237-264.

James, W. M. 2002. Best HR Practices for Today’s Innovation Management. Research Technology Management, 45(1), 57-60.

Jung, S. 2003. The Effects of Organizational Culture on Conflict Resolution in Marketing. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 3(1/2), 242-246.

Kast, F. E., & Rosenzweig, J. E. 1972. General systems
theory: Applications for organization and management. Academy of Management Journal, 15: 447-465.

Khandwalla, P. N. 1974. The Effect of Different Types of Competition on the Use of Management Controls. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19: 74-97.

Kim, L., & Lim, Y. 1988. Environment, generic strategies, and performance in a rapid developing country: A taxonomic approach. Academy of Management Journal, 31: 802-827.

Kimberly, J. R. 1976. Organizational Size and Structuralist Perspective: A Review, Critique, and Proposal. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21: 571-597.

Knight, K. E. 1967. A Descriptive Model of the Intra-Firm Innovation Process. Journal of Business, 40: 478-496.

Laiken, M. 1993. From Trainer to Consultant in 5 (not easy!) steps. Performance and Instruction, Nov-Dec, 32-36.

Lal, M. 1991. Organizational Size, Structuring of Activities, and Control Information System Sophistication
Levels: An Empirical Study. Management International Review, 31: 101-113.

Lamont, B. T., Sambamurthy, V., Ellis, K. M., & Simmonds, P. G. 2000. The Influence of Organizational Structure on the Information Received by Corporate Strategists of Multinational Enterprises. Management International Review, 40: 231-252.

Lawrance, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. 1967. New Managerial Job: The Integrator. Harvard Business Review, Nov-Dec, 142-151.

Lawson, T. E., & Hepp, R. L. 2001. Measuring the Performance Impact of Human Resource Initiatives. HR. Human Resource Planning, 24: 36-44.

Leisen, B., Lilly, B., & Winsor, R. D. 2002. The Effects of Organizational Culture and Market Orientation on the Effectiveness of Strategic Marketing Alliances. The Journal of Services Marketing, 16: 201-222.

Leonard-Barton, D. 1992. Core Capabilities and Core
Rigidities: A Paradox in Managing New Product Development. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 111-125.

Lysonski, S., Levas, M., & Lavenka, N. 1995. Environmental Uncertainty and Organizational Structure: A Product Management Perspective. The Journal of Product and Brand, 4: 7-18.

Mak, S. K M., & Akhtar, S. 2003, Human Resource Management Practices, Strategic Orientations, and Company Performance: A Correlation Study of Publicly Listed Companies. Journal of American Academy of Business, 2: 510-517.

Marquis, D. G. 1972. The Anatomy of Successful Innovation. Managing Advancing Technology, 1: 35-48.

Matthews, C. H., & Scott, S. G. 1995. Uncertainty and Planning in Small and Entrepreneurial Firms: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Small Business Management, 33: 34-52.

McMahan, G. C. 1996. Current Practices. Human Resource Planning, 19: 11-13.

Meyer, J. P., & Smith, C. A. 2000. HRM Practices and Organizational Commitment: Test of a Mediation Model. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 17: 319-331.

Miles, R. E., & Snow, C. C. 1978. Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process. New York, McGraw-Hill.

Miles, R. M. 1980. Macro-organizational Behavior. Scott foresmon and company, 18.

Millar, J., Demaid, A., & Quintas, P. 1997. Trans-organizational Innovation: A Framework for Research. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 9: 399-418.

Miller, D. 1987. The Structural and Environmental Correlates of Business Strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 8: 55-76.

Miller, D. 1988. Relating Porter’s Business Strategies to Environment and Structure: Analysis and Performance Implications. Academy of Management Journal, 31: 280-308.

Miller, K. D. 1993. Industry and Country Effects on Manager’s Perception of Environment Uncertainty. Journal of International Business Studies, 24: 693-714.

Mumford, M. D. 2000. Managing Creative People: Strategies and Tactics for Innovation. Human Resource Management Review, 10: 313-351.

Narasimha, S. 2000. Organizational Knowledge, Human Resource Management, and Sustained Competitive Advantage: Toward a Framework. Competitiveness Review, 10: 123-135.

Nord, W. R., & Tucker, S. 1987. Implementing Routine and Radical Innovation. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Normann, R. 1971. Organizational Innovativeness: Product Variation and Reorientation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16: 203-215.

Orville, C., Walker, J., & Ruekert, R.W. 1987. Marketing’s Role in the Implementation of Business Strategies: A Critical Review and Conceptual Framework. Journal of Marketing, 51: 15-33.

Osborn, R. N., & Hagedoorn, J. 1997. The Institutionalization and Evolutionary Dynamics of Interorganizational Alliances and Networks, Academy of Management Journal, 40: 261-278.

Ozsomer, A., Calantone, R.J., & Bonetto, A. D. 1997. What Makes Firms More Iinnovative? A Look at Organizational and Environmental Factors. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 12: 400-146.

Penrose, E. T. 1959. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. John Wiley, New York.

Perry-Smith, J. E., & Blum, T. C. 2000. Work-Family Human Resource Bundles and Perceived Organizational Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 1107-1117.

Peteraf, M. A. 1993. The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 179-191.

Pfeffer, J. 1994. Competitive Advantage Through People, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.

Porter, M. E. 1980. Competitive Strategy: Technique for Analyzing Industry and Competitors, New-York: Free Press.

Porter, M. E. 1985. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: Free Press.

Pugh, D. S., et al. 1969. The Context of Organizational Structures. Administrative Science Quarterly, 14: 91-144.

Pugh, D. S., Hickson, D. J., Hinings, C. R., & Turner, C. 1968. Dimensions of organizational structure. Administrative Science Quarterly, 13: 65-105。

Quinn, R. E. 1988. Beyond Rational Management. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Quinn, R. E., & Rohrbaugh, J. 1983. A Spatial Model of Effectiveness Criteria: Towards a Competing Values Approach to Organizational Analysis. Management Science, 29: 363-377.

Robbins, S. P. 1996. Organizational behavior, 7th ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall International, Inc.

Robertson, T. S. 1967. The Process of Innovation and the Diffusion of Innovation, Journal of Marketing, 31: 14-19.

Schein, E. H. 1984. Coming to a New Awareness of Organizational Culture. Sloan Management Review, 12: 3-16.

Schuler, R. S. 1990. Repositioning the Human Resource Function: Transformation or Demise. Academy of Management Executive, 4: 49-60.

Sciulli, L. M. 1998. How Organizational Structure Influences Success in Various Types of Innovation. Journal of Retail Banking Services, 20: 13-18.

Senge, P. M. 1990. The Leader's New Work: Building Learning Organizations. Sloan Management Review, 32: 7-23.

Smircich, L. 1983. Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28: 339-358.

Sonnenfeld, J. A. 1988. Strategic Determinants of Managerial Labor Markets: A Career Systems View. Human Resource Management, 27: 369-388.

Souder, W. E. 1987. Managing New Product Innovations. Lexington Books, 217-220.

Stanwick, P. A., & Stanwick, S. D. 1998. The Relationship Between Corporate Social Performance, and Organizational Size, Financial Performance, and Environmental Performance: An Empirical Examination. Journal of Business Ethics, 17: 195-204.

Sun, H. 2001. Human Resources Development and Integrated Manufacturing Systems. Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 12: 195-204.

Tannenbaum, S. I., & Dupuree-Bruno, L. M. 1994. The Relationship Between Organizational and Environmental Factors and the Use of Innovative Human Resource Practices. Group and Organization Management, 19: 171-202.

Tata, J., Prasad, S., & Thorn, R. 1999. The Influence of Organizational Structure on the Effectiveness of TQM Programs. Journal of Managerial Issues, 11: 440-446.

Thompson, James (1967), Organizational in Action, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Twomey, D. F., & Harris, D. L. 2000. From Strategy to Corporate Outcomes: Aligning Human Resource Management Systems with Entrepreneurial Intent. International Journal of Commerce & Management, 10: 43-55.

Ulrich, D. 1993. Profiling Organizational Competitiveness: Cultivating Capabilities. Human Resource Planning, 16: 1-17.

Ulrich, D. 1998. A New Mandate for Human Resources. Harvard Business Review, 76, 124-134.

Ulrich, D. 1998. The Future Calls for Change. Workforce, 77: 87-91.

Ulrich, D., & Eichinger, R. W. 1998. Delivering HR with an Attitude. HRMagazine, 43: 154-159.

Utterback, J. M., & Abernathy, W. J. 1975. A Dynamic Model of Process and Product Innovation. Omega, 3: 639-656.

Van Maanen, J., & Schein, E. H. 1979. Toward a Theory of Organization Socialization. Research on Organization Behavior, 1: 209-264.

Walker, J. W. 1994. Integrating the Human Resource Function with the Business. Human Resource Planning, 17: 59-77.

Wallach, E. J. 1983. Individuals and Organizations: The Cultural Match. Training and Development Journal, February, 29-36.

Wallance, A. F. C. 1970. Culture and Personality. New York: Random House.

Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. 1993. Sculpting the Learning Organization: Lesson in the Art and Science of Systemic Change. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.

Webster, F. E. 1994. Defining the New Marketing Concept. Marketing Management, 2: 22-31.

Wernerfelt, B. 1984. A Resource-Based View of the Firm, Strategic Management Journal, 5: 171-180.

Wheelwright, S. C. 1978. Reflecting Corporate Strategy in Manufacturing Decision. Business Horizons, 21: 57-66.

Wiley, C. 1992. A Comprehensive View of Roles for Human Resource Managers in Industry Today. Industrial Management, Nov-Dec, 27-29.

Williams, M. R., & Attaway, J. S. 1996. Exploring Salespersons’ Customer Orientation as a Mediator of Organizational Culture’s Influence on Buyer-Seller Relationships. The Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 16: 33-52.

Wright, P. M., McMahan, G. C., & McWilliams, A. 1994. Human Resource and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based Perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5: 301-326.

Yeung, A., & Brockbank, W. 1994. Lower Cost, Higher Value: Human Resource Function in Transformation. Human Resource Planning, 17: 1-16.

Yorukoglu, M. 2000. Product vs. Process Innovations and Economic Fluctuations. Carnegic-Rochester Conference Science on Public Policy, 52: 137-163.

陳佩佩(2000)，影響新事業技術商品化與績效相關因素之研究--以高科技產業為例，國立成功大學企研所碩士論文。