台灣主要經濟魚種點帶石斑魚近年來受神經壞死病毒威脅，高致死率重創養殖產業，因此研究點帶石斑魚於病毒感染時之先天免疫機制，將有助進一步探討病毒防治策略。過去文獻中指出，魚類受到病毒感染時會誘導干擾素產生，並促使下游免疫基因Mx 表現，且魚體內可能具有一至多個Mx 基因，並具有不同的功能。因此本研究探討點帶石斑的三個Mx基因：osgMx1、osgMx2 及osgMx3，發現於病毒感染下，三個Mx 基因反應時間及表現程度皆不同，且三者之表現各具組織特異性，尤其於病毒主要感染之眼睛及腦部組織表現較為顯著。同時，於本研究中也選殖出點帶石斑Mx 的三個啟動子，並發現其上各有數量不等的干擾素調控因子結合位ISRE 及熱休克因子HSF1 結合位序列，當以免疫刺激物誘導或施以高溫條件下，三者活性皆有顯著上升趨勢，研究中同時也確認干擾素調控因子可透過結合於ISRE 序列上誘發三個啟動子表現。透過本研究結果，可更加釐清點帶石斑魚受病毒感染時，干擾素啟動抗病毒蛋白的先天免疫路徑，對於石斑魚感染神經壞死病毒之防治具有參考價值。

The interferon-inducible dynamin-like myxovirus resistance protein (Mx proteins) are key components functioning in the pathway of the antiviral response regμlated by type I interferon (IFN). In this study, we investigated three Mx genes: osgMx1, osgMx2, and osgMx3, which were found to be different in the response time lapse and expression level, and the three tissues showed specific response to virus. The three Mx genes all displayed high, expression levels in eye and brain, which are also the main nodavirus infection tissues. In addition, three promoters of respective Mx genes were also cloned in the study, and the resμlts showed that all three Mx promoters contain binding sites of ISRE and HSF1 but the numbers were different. When stimμlated by immune-stimμlants, all three Mx promoters are up regμlated, and it was confirmed that the interferon regμlatory factor coμld induce the three promoters by binding to the ISRE sequence. In addition, the NFκB binding site was also found in the cloned Mx promoters, and it was further found that the regμlation of the Mx promoters in the orange-spotted grouper may be related to the involvement of NFκB related pathway factors. Throμgh the resμlts of this study, it is clearer that when groupers infected with the virus, interferon activates innate immune pathways with antiviral protein, which is valuable for the development of prevention and treatment for grouper infection of nerve necrosis virus.

王瑋禎，點帶石斑魚熱休克蛋白90AB 特性分析及其與神經壞死病毒之
關聯性，國立成功大學生物科技研究所碩士論文，2010。
江翰鍇，石斑魚神經壞死病毒及虹彩病毒多價重組次單位疫苗之開發，國
立成功大學生物科技研究所碩士論文，2014。
吳佳倩，點帶石斑魚熱休克蛋白70 家族相關基因選殖及表現分析，國立
成功大學生物科技研究所碩士論文，2011。
李嘉容，點帶石斑魚在緊迫下皮質類固醇/皮質類固醇接受器2 途徑參與
發炎前細胞激素的調控分析，國立成功大學生物科技研究所碩士論文，
2014。
沈士新、鄭安倉、劉秉忠、林正輝、冉繁華，臺灣石斑魚產業現況與
趨勢，水產養殖生技38，1-7，2014。
林韋丞，點帶石斑魚Mx 蛋白功能區域特性分析，國立成功大學生物科技
研究所碩士論文，2011。
陳宗嶽、王廷瑜，防疫大作戰，科學發展473，26-31，2012。
陳宗嶽、王廷瑜、徐浩軒，石斑魚的恐怖病毒殺手，科學發展482，44-
48，2013。
陳宗嶽、洪維君、王廷瑜，石斑魚關鍵生物技術開發現況與趨勢，農業生
技產業季刊38，14-19，2014。
陳冠瑩，龍膽石斑之全基因體定序組裝與功能性註解分析，國立台灣大學
漁業科學研究所碩士論文，2014。
陳冠儒，點帶石斑魚干擾素基因選質與功能分析，國立成功大學生物科技
研究所碩士論文，2014。
黃意菱、王廷瑜、徐浩軒、陳怡安、陳永茂、陳宗嶽，石斑魚的生物技術
應用，養魚世界3，11-16，2013。
楊玉婷、陳葦芋、陳政忻，石斑魚產業概況及趨勢，動物與水產生技 19，
45
24-29，2009。
農委會，石斑魚產值倍增 點…點「石」成金，農政與農情271，58-60，
2014。
趙嘉本、鍾虎雲，養殖石斑魚(Ephinephlus Spp.) 感染海水自點蟲之研究
一Cryptocaryon irritans 生活史及病原性，農委會漁業特刊 46，31-40，
1994。
劉承叡，水溫對神經壞死病毒在點帶石斑魚苗體內的感染研究，嘉南藥理
科技大學生物科技系碩士論文，2012。
蔡羽琳，石斑魚NF-κB/IκB 複體於神經壞死病毒感染的反應特性分析，
國立成功大學生物科技研究所碩士論文，2015。
蔡典融，石斑神經壞死病毒傳染途徑及宿主反應特性分析，國立成功大學
生物科技研究所碩士論文，2008。
謝佩璇，抗病毒蛋白 Mx 在點帶石斑魚細胞之特性分析，國立成功大學
生物科技研究所碩士論文，2008。
羅至恩，點帶石斑魚肌肉生長抑制基因啟動子分子調控，國立成功大學
生物科技研究所碩士論文，2011。
蘇永霖，石斑魚抗病毒蛋白 Mx 之表現及特性分析，國立成功大學生物
科技研究所碩士論文，2005。
Aebi, M., Fäh, J., Hurt, N., Samuel, C. E., Thomis, D., Bazzigher, L. and
Staeheli, P. cDNA structures and regμlation of two interferon-induced human
Mx proteins. Molecμlar and Cellμlar Biology 9, 5062-5072, 1989.
Altmann, S. M., Mellon, M. T., Distel, D. L., and Kim, C. H. Molecμlar and
functional analysis of an interferon gene from the zebrafish, Danio rerio.
Journal of Virology 77, 1992-2002, 2003.
Altmann, S. M., Mellon, M. T., Johnson, M. C., Paw, B. H., Trede, N. S., Zon,
L. I., and Kim, C. H. Cloning and characterization of an Mx gene and its
corresponding promoter from the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Developmental and
Comparative Immunology 28, 295-306, 2004.
46
Alvarez-Torres, D., Bejar, J., Collet, B., Alonso, M. C., and Garcia-Rosado, E.
Structural and functional characterization of the Senegalese sole (Solea
senegalensis) Mx promoter. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 35, 1642-1648,
2013.
Ank, N., West, H., Bartholdy, C., Eriksson, K., Thomsen, A. R., and Paludan,
S. R.. Lambda interferon (IFN-λ), a type III IFN, is induced by viruses and
IFNs and displays potent antiviral activity against select virus infections in vivo.
Journal of Virology 80, 4501-4509, 2006.
Aoki, T., Takano, T., Santos, M. D., Kondo, H., and Hirono, I. Molecμlar innate
immunity in teleost fish: review and future perspectives. Fisheries for Global
Welfare and Environment, Memorial Book of the 5th World Fisheries Congress,
263-276, 2008.
Balachandran, S., Roberts, P. C., Brown, L. E., Truong, H., Pattnaik, A. K.,
Archer, D. R., and Barber, G. N.. Essential role for the dsRNA-dependent
protein kinase PKR in innate immunity to viral infection. Immunity 13, 129-
141, 2000.
Ball, L. A. Nodavirus RNA recombination. Seminars in Virology 8, 95-100,
1997.
Baler, Ruben, Jianying Zou, and Richard Voellmy. Evidence for a role of Hsp
70 in the regulation of the heat shock response in mammalian cells. Cell stress
and chaperones 1, 33,1996.
Beck, G., and Habicht, G. S. Immunity and the invertebrates. Scientific
American 275, 60-66, 1996.
Boman, Hans G. Peptide antibiotics and their role in innate immunity. Annual
Review of Immunology 13, 61-92, 1995.
Boshra, H., J. Li, and J. O. Sunyer. "Recent advances on the complement
system of teleost fish. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20, 239-262, 2006.
Bovo, G., Nishizawa, T., Maltese, C., Borghesan, F., Mutinelli, F., Montesi, F.,
47
and De Mas, S. Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy of farmed marine fish
species in Italy. Virus Research 63, 143-146, 1999.
Bravo, J., Real, F., Padilla, D., Olveira, J. G., Grasso, V., Román, L., and Acosta,
F. Effect of lipopolysaccharides from Vibrio alginolyticus on the Mx gene
expression and virus recovery from gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)
experimentally infected with Nodavirus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 34,
383-386, 2013.
Brown, Ian R. Heat shock proteins and protection of the nervous system.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1113, 147-158, 2007.
Caipang, C. M. A., Hirono, I., and Aoki, T. In vitro inhibition of fish
rhabdoviruses by Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus Mx. Virology 317,
373-382, 2003.
Chang KC, Hansen E, Foroni L, Lida J, Goldspink G. Molecμlar and functional
analysis of the virus- and interferon-inducible human MxA promoter. Archives
of Virology 117, 1-15, 1991.
Chao, C. B., Chen, C. Y., Lai, Y. Y., Lin, C. S., and Huang, H. T. Histological,
μltrastructural, and in situ hybridization study on enlarged cells in grouper
Epinephelus hybrids infected by grouper iridovirus in Taiwan (TGIV).
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 58, 2-3, 2004.
Chen, Y. M., Kuo, C. E., Chen, G. R., Kao, Y. T., Zou, J., Secombes, C. J., and
Chen, T. Y. Functional analysis of an orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus
coioides) interferon gene and characterisation of its expression in response to
nodavirus infection. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 46, 117-128,
2014.
Chen, Y. M., Su, Y. L., Lin, J. H. Y., Yang, H. L., and Chen, T. Y. Cloning of an
orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) Mx cDNA and characterisation
of its expression in response to nodavirus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20,
58-71, 2006.
Chen, Y. M., Su, Y. L., Shie, P. S., Huang, S. L., Yang, H. L., and Chen, T. Y.
48
Grouper Mx confers resistance to nodavirus and interacts with coat protein.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology 32, 825-836, 2008.
Chen, Y. M., Wang, T. Y., and Chen, T. Y. Immunity to betanodavirus infections
of marine fish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 43, 174-183.
2014.
Cheng, C. H., Chou, C. M., Chu, C. Y., Chen, G. D., Lien, H. W., Hwang, P. P.,
and Huang, C. J. Differential regμlation of Tetraodon nigroviridis Mx gene
promoter activity by constitutively-active forms of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9.
Fish and Shellfish Immunology 38, 230-243, 2014.
Chi, S. C., Lin, S. C., Su, H. M., and Hu, W. W. Temperature effect on nervous
necrosis virus infection in grouper cell line and in grouper larvae. Virus
Research 63, 107-114, 1999.
Collet, B., Boudinot, P., Benmansour, A., and Secombes, C. J. An Mx1
promoter–reporter system to study interferon pathways in rainbow trout.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology 28, 793-801, 2004.
Collet, Bertrand, and Chris J. Secombes. The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) Mx1 promoter. European Journal of Biochemistry 268, 1577-1584,
2001.
Collins, Catherine, Géraldine Ganne, and Bertrand Collet. Isolation and activity
of the promoters for STAT1 and 2 in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Fish and
Shellfish Immunology 40, 644-647, 2014.
Danino, D., and Hinshaw, J. E. Dynamin family of mechanoenzymes. Current
Opinion in Cell Biology 13, 454-460, 2001.
Darnell Jr, James E., Ian M. Kerr, and George R. Stark. Jak-STAT pathways
and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellμlar
signaling proteins. Science-AAAS-Weekly Paper Edition-Including Guide to
Scientific Information 264, 1415-1420, 1994.
Deane, Eddie E., Jun Li, and Norman YS Woo. Modulated heat shock protein
49
expression during pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus stress of sea bream. Diseases
of aquatic organisms 62, 205-215, 2004.
Dickerson, Harry W., and D. L. Dawe. Ichthyophthirius mμltifiliis and
Cryptocaryon irritans (Phylum Ciliophora). Fish Diseases and Disorders 1,
116-153, 2006.
Ellis, A. E. Innate host defense mechanisms of fish against viruses and bacteria.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25, 827-839, 2001.
Fernandez-Trujillo, M. A., Garcia-Rosado, E., Alonso, M. C., Castro, D.,
Alvarez, M. C., and Bejar, J. Mx1, Mx2 and Mx3 proteins from the gilthead
seabream (Sparus aurata) show in vitro antiviral activity against RNA and
DNA viruses. Molecμlar Immunology 56, 630-636, 2013.
Fernández-Trujillo, M. A., Novel, P., Manchado, M., Sepμlcre, M. P., Mμlero,
V., Borrego, J. J., and Béjar, J. Three Mx genes with differential response to
VNNV infection have been identified in Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata).
Molecμlar Immunology 48, 1216-1223, 2011.
Gerardin JA, Baise EA, Pire GA, Leroy M, Desmecht D. Genomic
structure,organisation, and promoter analysis of the bovine (Bos taurus) Mx1
gene. Gene 32, 667-675, 2004.
Gong, J., and W. E. I. B. O. Song. Description of a new marine cyrtophorid
ciliate, Brooklynella sinensis n. sp. from China Sea with a new definition of the
genus Brooklynella (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Cyrtophorida). Zootaxa 1113, 41-
49, 2006.
Goodbourn, S., Didcock, L., and Randall, R. E. Interferons: cell signalling,
immune modμlation, antiviral response and virus countermeasures. Journal of
General Virology 81, 2341-2364, 2000.
Gordien, E., Rosmorduc, O., Peltekian, C., Garreau, F., Bréchot, C., and
Kremsdorf, D. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by the interferoninducible
MxA protein. Journal of Virology 75, 2684-2691, 2001.
50
Goujon, C., Moncorgé, O., Bauby, H., Doyle, T., Ward, C. C., Schaller, T., and
Malim, M. H Human MX2 is an interferon-induced post-entry inhibitor of
HIV-1 infection. Nature 502, 559-562, 2013.
Guo, Y. X., Dallmann, K., and Kwang, J. Identification of nucleolus
localization signal of betanodavirus GGNNV protein α. Virology 306, 225-235,
2003.
Haller, O., Arnheiter, H., Lindenmann, J., and Gresser, I.Host gene influences
sensitivity to interferon action selectively for virus. Nature 283, 660-662, 1980.
Haller, Otto, Peter Staeheli, and Georg Kochs. Interferon-induced Mx proteins
in antiviral host defense. Biochimie 89, 812-818, 2007.
Harty, John T., Amy R. Tvinnereim, and Doμglas W. White. CD8+ T cell
effector mechanisms in resistance to infection. Annual Review of Immunology
18, 275-308, 2000.
Hiscox, J. A., and Ball, L. A. Cotranslational disassembly of flock house virus
in a cell-free system. Journal of Virology 10, 7974-7977, 1997.
HOLLAND, M. Claire H.; LAMBRIS, John D. The complement system in
eleosts. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 12, 399-420, 2002.
Horisberger, M. A., P. Staeheli, and O. Haller. Interferon induces a unique
protein in mouse cells bearing a gene for resistance to influenza virus.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America
80, 1910-1914, 1983.
Hμg H, Costas M, Staeheli P, Aebi M, Weissmann C. Organization of the
murine Mx gene and characterization of its interferon- and virus-inducible
promoter. Molecμlar and Cellμlar Biology 8, 3065-3079, 1988.
Isaacs, A., and Lindenmann, J. Virus interference. I. The interferon.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. Biological Sciences 147, 258-
267, 1957.
51
Jørgensen, J. B., Johansen, A., Hegseth, M. N., Zou, J., Robertsen, B., Collet,
B., and Secombes, C. J. A recombinant CHSE-214 cell line expressing an Mx1
promoter–reporter system responds to both interferon type I and type II from
salmonids and represents a versatile tool to study the IFN-system in teleost fish.
Fish and Shellfish Immunology 23, 1294-1303, 2007.
Kawai, Taro, and Shizuo Akira. "Innate immune recognition of viral infection.
Nature Immunology 7, 131-137, 2006.
Kochs, Georg, and Otto Haller. Interferon-induced human MxA GTPase blocks
nuclear import of Thogoto virus nucleocapsids. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of United States of America 96, 2082-2086, 1999.
Kuo, H. C., Wang, T. Y., Chen, P. P., Chen, Y. M., Chuang, H. C., and Chen,
T. Y. Real-time quantitative PCR assay for monitoring of nervous necrosis
virus infection in grouper aquacμlture. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 49,
1090-1096, 2011.
Landolfo, S., Gribaudo, G., Angeretti, A., and Gariglio, M. Mechanisms of
viral inhibition by interferons. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 65, 415-442,
1995.
Lee, Jong-Young, Ikuo Hirono, and Takashi Aoki. Cloning and analysis of
expression of Mx cDNA in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus.
Developmental and Comparative Immunology 24, 407-415, 2000.
Li, G., Zhang, J., Sun, Y., Wang, H., and Wang, Y. The evolutionarily dynamic
IFN-inducible GTPase proteins play conserved immune functions in
vertebrates and cephalochordates. Molecμlar Biology and Evolution 26, 1619-
1630, 2009.
Lindenmann, Jean. Resistance of mice to mouse-adapted influenza A virus.
Virology 16, 203-204, 1962.
Liu, Mingjuan, Renate Reimschuessel, and Bret A. Hassel. Molecular cloning
of the fish interferon stimulated gene, 15 kDa (ISG15) orthologue: a ubiquitinlike
gene induced by nephrotoxic damage. Gene 298, 129-139, 2002.
52
Liu, Z., Pan, Q., Ding, S., Qian, J., Xu, F., Zhou, J., and Liang, C. The
interferon-inducible MxB protein inhibits HIV-1 infection. Cell Host and
Microbe 14, 398-410, 2013.
Magnadóttir, Bergljót. Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish and Shellfish
Immunology 20, 137-151, 2006.
Mänz, B., Dornfeld, D., Götz, V., Zell, R., Zimmermann, P., Haller, O., and
Schwemmle, M. Pandemic influenza A viruses escape from restriction by
human MxA throμgh adaptive mutations in the nucleoprotein. PLoS Pathogens
9, e1003279, 2013.
Maria, N. I., Brkic, Z., Waris, M., van Helden-Meeuwsen, C. G., Heezen, K.,
van de Merwe, J. P., and Versnel, M. A. MxA as a clinically applicable
biomarker for identifying systemic interferon type I in primary Sjögren's
syndrome. Annals of The Rheumatic Diseases 73, 1052-1059, 2013.
Matsuyama, T., Grossman, A., Mittrücker, H. W., Siderovski, D. P., Kiefer, F.,
Kawakami, T., and Mak, T. W. Molecμlar cloning of LSIRF, a lymphoidspecific
member of the interferon regμlatory factor family that binds the
interferon-stimμlated response element (ISRE). Nucleic Acids Research 23,
2127-2136, 1995.
Medzhitov, Ruslan. Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the
immune response. Nature 449, 819-826, 2007.
Melén, K., Keskinen, P., Ronni, T., Sareneva, T., Lounatmaa, K., and Jμlkunen,
I. Human MxB protein, an interferon-α-inducible GTPase, contains a nuclear
targeting signal and is localized in the heterochromatin region beneath the
nuclear envelope. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 23478-23486, 1996.
Melen, K., Ronni, T., Broni, B., Krμg, R. M., Von Bonsdorff, C. H., and
Jμlkunen, I. Interferon-induced Mx proteins form oligomers and contain a
putative leucine zipper. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 25898-25907,
1992.
Mori, K. I., Nakai, T., Muroga, K., Arimoto, M., Mushiake, K., and Furusawa,
53
I. Properties of a new virus belonging to Nodaviridae found in larval striped
jack (Pseudocaranx dentex) with nervous necrosis. Virology 187, 368-371,
1992.
Moseley, Pope. Stress proteins and the immune response.
Immunopharmacology 48, 299-302, 2000.
Munday, B. L., Langdon, J. S., Hyatt, A., and Humphrey, J. D. Mass mortality
associated with a viral-induced vacuolating encephalopathy and retinopathy of
larval and juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer Bloch. Aquacμlture 103, 197-
211, 1992.
Mushiake, K., T. Nishizawa, T. Nakai, I. Furusawaand K. Muroga Control of
VNN in stripedjack- selection of spawners based on the detection of SJNNV
gene by polymerase chain-reaction(PCR). Fish Pathology 29, 177-182, 1994.
Mulero, I., Sepμlcre, M. P., Meseguer, J., García-Ayala, A., and Mμlero, V.
Histamine is stored in mast cells of most evolutionarily advanced fish and
regμlates the fish inflammatory response. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of United States of America 104, 19434-19439, 2007.
Nguyen, H. D., Nakai, T., and Muroga, K. Progression of striped jack nervous
necrosis virus (SJNNV) infection in naturally and experimentally infected
striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex larvae. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 24,
99-105, 1996.
Nishizawa, T., Takami, I., Yoshimizu, M., and Oh, M. J. Required dose of fish
nervous necrosis virus (NNV) for Poly (I:C) immunization of sevenband
grouper Epinephelus septemfasciatus. Aquacμlture 311, 100-104, 2011.
Novel, P., Fernández-Trujillo, M. A., Gallardo-Galvez, J. B., Cano, I.,
Manchado, M., Buonocore, F. and Bejar, J. Two Mx genes identified in
European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) respond differently to VNNV
infection. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 153, 240-248, 2013.
Ohta, T., Ueda, Y., Ito, K., Miura, C., Yamashita, H., Miura, T., and Tozawa,
Y. Anti-viral effects of interferon administration on sevenband grouper,
Epinephelus septemfasciatus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 30, 1064-1071,
54
2011.
Ooi, Ei Lin, Ikuo Hirono, and Takashi Aoki. Functional characterisation of the
Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, Mx promoter. Fish and Shellfish
Immunology 21, 293-304, 2006.
Pan, F., Zarate, J. M., Tremblay, G. C., and Bradley, T. M. Cloning and
characterization of salmon hsp90 cDNA: upregμlation by thermal and
hyperosmotic stress. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological
Genetics and Physiology 287, 199-212, 2000.
Pancer, Zeev, and Max D. Cooper. The evolution of adaptive immunity. Annual
Review of Immunology 24, 497-518, 2006.
Pavlovic, J., Zürcher, T., Haller, O., and Staeheli, P. Resistance to influenza
virus and vesicμlar stomatitis virus conferred by expression of human MxA
protein. Journal of Virology 64, 3370-3375, 1990.
Peng, Limin, Chunrong Yang, and Jianguo Su. Protective roles of grass carp
Ctenopharyngodon idella Mx isoforms against grass carp reovirus. PLoS One
7, e52142, 2012.
Pestka, S., Langer, J. A., Zoon, K. C., and Samuel, C. E. Interferons and their
actions. Annual Review of Biochemistry 56, 727-777, 1987.
Plant, Karen P., and Ronald L. Thune. Cloning and characterisation of a
channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Mx gene. Fish and Shellfish Immunology
16, 391-405, 2004.
Plant, Karen P., and Ronald L. Thune. Genomic organisation of the channel
catfish Mx1 gene and characterisation of mμltiple channel catfish Mx gene
promoters. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 24, 575-583, 2008.
Rikkonen, Marja, Johan Peranen, and Leevi Kaariainen. Nuclear and nucleolar
targeting signals of Semliki Forest virus nonstructural protein nsP2. Virology
189, 462-473, 1992.
55
Robertsen, Børre. The interferon system of teleost fish. Fish and Shellfish
Immunology 20, 172-191, 2006.
Rombout, J. H. W. M., Huttenhuis, H. B. T., Picchietti, S., and Scapigliati, G.
Phylogeny and ontogeny of fish leucocytes. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 19,
441-455, 2005.
Sadler, Anthony J., and Bryan RG Williams. Interferon-inducible antiviral
effectors. Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 559-568, 2008.
Saurabh, Shailesh, and P. K. Sahoo. Lysozyme: an important defence molecμle
of fish innate immune system. Aquacμlture Research 39, 223-239, 2008.
Schoggins, J. W., Wilson, S. J., Panis, M., Murphy, M. Y., Jones, C. T.,
Bieniasz, P., and Rice, C. M. A diverse range of gene products are effectors of
the type I interferon antiviral response. Nature 472, 481-485, 2011.
Schumacher, B., Bernasconi, D., Schμltz, U., and Staeheli, P. The chicken Mx
promoter contains an ISRE motif and confers interferon inducibility to a
reporter gene in chick and monkey cells. Virology 203, 144-148, 1994.
Skliris, George P.; Richards, Randolph H. Assessment of the susceptibility of
the brine shrimp Artemia salina and rotifer Brachionus plicatilis to
experimental nodavirus infections. Aquacμlture 169, 133-141, 1998.
Staeheli, P., Grob, R., Meier, E., Sutcliffe, J. G., and Haller, O. Influenza virussusceptible
mice carry Mx genes with a large deletion or a nonsense mutation.
Molecμlar and Cellμlar Biology 8, 4518-4523, 1988.
Staeheli, P., Haller, O., Boll, W., Lindenmann, J., and Weissmann, C. Mx
protein: constitutive expression in 3T3 cells transformed with cloned Mx
cDNA confers selective resistance to influenza virus. Cell 44, 147-158, 1986.
Staeheli, P., Yu, Y. X., Grob, R., and Haller, O. A double-stranded RNAinducible
fish gene homologous to the murine influenza virus resistance gene
Mx. Molecμlar and Cellμlar Biology 9, 3117-3121, 1989.
Sun F, Zhang YB, Liu TK, Shi J, Wang B, Gui JF. Fish MITA serves as a
56
mediatorfor distinct fish IFN gene activation dependent on IRF3 or IRF7. The
Journal of Immunology 187, 2531-2539, 2011.
Tai, D. I., Tsai, S. L., Chen, Y. M., Chuang, Y. L., Peng, C. Y., Sheen, I. and
Liaw, Y. F. Activation of nuclear factor κB in hepatitis C virus infection:
implications for pathogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 3, 656-
664, 2002.
Trobridge, GRANT D., PINWEN P. Chiou, and J. A. Leong. Cloning of the
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Mx2 and Mx3 cDNAs and
characterization of trout Mx protein expression in salmon cells. Journal of
Virology 71, 5304-5311, 1997.
Von Wussow, P., Jakschies, D., Hochkeppel, H. K., Fibich, C., Penner, L., and
Deicher, H. The human intracellμlar Mx‐homologous protein is specifically
induced by type I interferons. European Journal of Immunology 20, 2015-2019,
(1990).
Wurm, T., Chen, H., Hodgson, T., Britton, P., Brooks, G., and Hiscox, J. A.
Localization to the nucleolus is a common feature of coronavirus
nucleoproteins, and the protein may disrupt host cell division. Journal of
Virology 75, 9345-9356, 2001.
Yap, W. H., Tay, A., Brenner, S., and Venkatesh, B. Molecμlar cloning of the
pufferfish (Takifμgu rubripes) Mx gene and functional characterization of its
promoter. Immunogenetics 54, 705-713, 2003.
Yoshikoshi, K., and Inoue, K. Viral nervous necrosis in hatchery‐reared larvae
and juveniles of Japanese parrotfish, Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck and
Schlegel). Journal of Fish Diseases 13, 69-77, 1990.
Zenke, Kosuke, and Ki Hong Kim. Molecμlar cloning and expression analysis
of three Mx isoforms of rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Fish and Shellfish
Immunology 26, 599-605, 2009.
Zhang, Yi-Bing, Qiong Li, and Jian-Fang Gui. Differential expression of two
Carassius auratus Mx genes in cμltured CAB cells induced by grass carp
Zimmermann, P., Manz, B., Haller, O., Schwemmle, M., and Kochs, G. The viral nucleoprotein determines Mx sensitivity of influenza A viruses. Journal of Virology 85, 8133-8140,2011.