工業革命以來，溫室氣體的大量排放導致溫室效應日益嚴重，也因此節能減碳成為世界各國之重要議題，近年來以螺旋藻進行生物固碳之策略日趨受到重視。由於藍綠菌有著高生長速率之特性，可有效利用光合作用將CO2固定並轉化為富含藻藍素之螺旋藻藻體，經適當萃取後可應用於保健食品、食品添加劑、化妝品等領域。因此，以螺旋藻同時進行生物固碳與藻藍素之生產是可行的方案。
本研究首先建立最適化藻藍素之萃取技術，主要是探討不同破藻方式及不同緩衝溶液濃度對藻藍素萃取效能之影響。破藻方式測試結果顯示，直接利用緩衝溶液所造成之滲透壓約經過12小時的萃取時間即可達到近100%的藻藍素回收率，當磷酸鹽緩衝溶液濃度由0.2 M降低為0.15 M時仍具有相當較高之藻藍素萃取效能。而不同藻粉-溶劑比例則對對藻藍素之萃取效率沒有明顯之影響。本研究亦針對藻藍素純化流程進行探討，分別利用硫酸銨鹽析沉澱法與活性碳吸附法進行測試。結果顯示以40%飽和濃度之硫酸銨進行蛋白質純化能有效提高藻藍素之純度，其純度(A615/A280)可由原本的0.99提升至1.86 (回收率為90.1%)。此外，本研究亦嘗試以陰離子交換層析法進行藻藍素之純化，經過層析方法最適化後藻藍素之純度可達到3.62 (回收率為44%)。進一步結合鹽析法以及陰離子交換層析法，可將藻藍素之純度提升至4.33 (回收率為33%)。
本研究接著利用不同培養策略以同時提升螺旋藻之藻體生長、二氧化碳固定效率及藻藍素之生產效能。首先利用平板式光生物反應器進行藻體培養以減少光遮蔽效應。培養結果發現與圓柱型反應器相比之下，其藻體產量、二氧化碳移除效能皆能有效提升兩倍以上。接著，本研究利用平板式光生物反應器探討不同光照培養條件下對螺旋藻生長、CO2移除效率及藻藍素累積之影響。結果發現當光強度由100 µmol/m2/s提升至700 µmol/m2/s，其平均藻體產率由0.14 g/L/d提升至0.74 g/L/d，最大藻藍素產率亦由0.02 g/L/d提升至0.11 g/L/d，且CO2固定效率約提高約3倍。此外，實驗過程中發現培養基中之碳酸氫鈉於藻體培養過程中並未被有效運用，因此本研究嘗試將碳酸氫鈉之初始濃度減少至原先的25%，結果發現其藻體生長速率與原初始濃度相似，且藻藍素之產率亦能維持一樣的產值，且降低碳酸氫鈉之使用量可有效減少培養基成本約55%。
另外，文獻證實在缺氮環境下，藻體會利用自身藻藍素作為備用氮源，因此大幅降低藻體中藻藍素之含量。因此，本研究嘗試提升培養基之初始氮源濃度，結果發現此策略可大幅提升藻體產率與CO2移除效率，且其藻藍素產率由原本的0.11 g/L/d提升至0.13 g/L/d。再者，本研究測試不同溫度環境對藻體培養的影響。結果發現32oC之溫度培養條件較適合螺旋藻之生長，而溫度高於35oC或低於30oC則會開始降低其生長速率。
最後，本研究以平版型反應器培養該螺旋藻，選用最適化光照、培養基濃度以及溫度，並嘗試利用2.5%之二氧化碳氣體進行pH值之調控以測試pH值對藻體培養之影響。實驗結果發現，pH值控制在9.0與9.5有較好的藻體生長結果。此外，利用此pH值調控策略，其二氧化碳移除效率能由13.6%大幅提升至65.1%，且藻藍素含量及產率亦分別提升至16.8%與1.7 g/L/d。利用上述之方法調控pH值，除了可以排除利用酸液進行pH調控可能遭遇的問題外，二氧化碳固定效能及藻藍素產率亦可有效提升。本研究亦測試螺旋藻之室外培養的可行性，發現螺旋藻在戶外培養過程中對高溫及高光照強度之耐受性相當良好，而其藻體產率、二氧化碳移除速率與藻藍素產率分別為0.13 g/L/d, 0.21 g/L/d和0.02 g/L/d，相較於室內培養的結果，其效率約分別下降87, 87, 與88%。

Global climate change has become a critical issue due to the influence of the green house effect. How to conserve energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions has been one of the most urgent global issues. Recently, biofixation of CO2 by Spirulina has attracted much attention due to its efficient CO2 fixation ability and the resulting biomass of Spirulina platensis is rich in C-phycocyanin (C-PC), which is widely used as colorants, diagnosis reagent, nutritious supplements, and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, using the Spirulina platensis to mitigate CO2 emissions and simultaneously produces C-PC has a great potential.
This work firstly made efforts on developing the C-phycocyanin extraction process. For the optimization of the cell disruption process, direct utilization of the osmotic pressure from different phosphate buffer concentration exhibited the highest extraction efficiency, which could reach to nearly 100% recovery after 12 hour extraction time. Reducing the phosphate buffer concentration from 0.2 M to 0.15 M, the extraction efficiency still remained the same. Different biomass-solvent ratio did not significantly affect the extraction efficiency of C-phycocyanin. The purification process of C-phycocyanin was also developed in this study. Fractional precipitation and adsorption of protein with activated carbon were applied. The results show that fraction precipitation by 40% saturation of ammonium sulfate could give better purification results (1.86 purity and 90% recovery). In addition, the anion exchange chromatography (via fast protein liquid chromatography) was applied for C-PC purification, achieving a C-PC purity of 3.62 (44% recovery). Further combining fractional precipitation and anion exchange chromatography, the purity of C-PC was further increased to 4.33 with 33% recovery.
This work was also undertaken to optimize the microalgae cultivation processes to obtain higher biomass productivity, CO2 removal rate and C-phycocyanin productivity. First, a flat-type photobioreactor was developed to reduce light shading effect. The biomass production, overall biomass productivity and CO2 removal rate by using flat-type increased by 2.1 fold when compared with the flask photobioreactor. Next, the effect of irradiation conditions on the performance of cell growth, CO2 fixation rate and C-PC production of Spirulina sp. was further investigated using the flat-type reactor. As the light intensity increased from 100 to 700 µmol/m2/s, the biomass productivity sharply increased from 0.14 to 0.74 g/L/d along with approximately three-fold increase in CO2 removal efficiency. In addition, the maximum C-PC productivity also increased from 0.02 to 0.11 g/L/d. After determining the suitable light intensity, the concentration of key components in the culture medium was adjusted to further enhance the performance of CO2 fixation and C-PC production and reduce the cost. First, to reduce the medium cost, CO2 was used as the main carbon source, while the initial concentration of NaHCO3 was decreased. The results show that reducing NaHCO3 concentration to 25% of the original one did not significantly affect the cell growth and C-phycocyanin production, but the medium cost could be lowered by 55%. Second, since C-PC content of the Spirulina platensis strain markedly decreased under nitrogen-depleting conditions, the initial NaNO3 concentration was adjusted to extend the cultivation period of the Spirulina platensis culture before reaching nitrogen depletion. This strategy further elevated the maximum C-PC productivity from 0.11 g/L/d to 0.13 g/L/d. As for the temperature effect on the cultivation of Spirulina platensis, it was found that controlling the temperature at 32oC gave the best cell growth, CO2 removal rate and C-PC production, while cell growth rate decreased when the temperature was higher than 35oC or lower than 30oC. Finally, while using the suitable photobioreactor, light intensity, medium composition and temperature, the Spirulina platensis was cultivated with an innovated pH control system, in which the culture pH was controlled via the feeding of 2.5% CO2, instead of acid/alkaline titration. The results show that controlling pH at 9.0 and 9.5 was suitable for cell growth, but further increased in pH slightly inhibited the cell growth. In addition, the CO2 removal efficiency sharply increased from 13.6% to 65.1% by applying the CO2-mediated pH control strategy. Moreover, the C-PC content and productivity were also increased to 16.8% and 0.17 g/L/d, respectively, with the CO2-mediated pH control. Therefore, the proposed pH control system could avoid the problem of excessive addition of acid or alkaline, resulting in better CO2 fixation efficiency and higher C-phycocyanin productivity. Moreover, the feasibility of outdoor cultivation of Spirulina platensis was also examined. The results show that Spirulina could tolerate high temperature and high light intensity encountered during outdoor cultivation, giving a biomass productivity, CO2 consumption rate and C-PC productivity of 0.13 g/L/d, 0.21 g/L/d and 0.02 g/L/d, respectively. This performance is lower than that obtained from indoor cultivation.

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