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研究生：	林立偉 Lin, Li-Wei
論文名稱：	利用高級氧化技術進行化學鎳廢液中檸檬酸及次磷酸之去除研究 The treatment of Citrate and Hypophosphite in electroless plating solution by AOPs
指導教授：	黃耀輝 Huang, Yao-Hui
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 化學工程學系 Department of Chemical Engineering
論文出版年：	2006
畢業學年度：	94
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	136
中文關鍵詞：	配位基至金屬的電荷遷移、芬頓、化學混凝
外文關鍵詞：	chemical coagulation, ligand to metal charge transfer, Fenton
相關次數：	點閱：77 下載：7
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本研究以化學鎳廢液為出發點，針對其中的螯合劑檸檬酸，還原劑次磷酸，探討其處理方法。化學混凝沉澱顯示，亞磷酸及磷酸有相當好的處理效果，而次磷酸及檸檬酸COD部分則不佳。所以本研究嘗試利用芬頓試劑去除COD，並且氧化次磷酸形成亞磷酸及磷酸，搭配化學混凝沉澱作去除。
在檸檬酸及次磷酸混合液芬頓法氧化方面，最佳操作條件為pH介於2.8~3.0之間，試劑莫耳比在次磷酸：檸檬酸：Fe(II)：H2O2=1：1：1.5：3下，可完全氧化次磷酸，但此時COD的去除率僅20%。原因為次磷酸在氧化後產生亞磷酸及磷酸，會與催化劑(Fe2+或 Fe3+)錯合進而使其失活，錯合後的鐵便無法有效催化雙氧水產生氫氧自由基，故溶液中會殘留大量的COD。
接著便研究芬頓法氧化單成分檸檬酸，最佳pH操作範圍於pH 2~3，在[ Cit.]：[Fe2+]：[H2O2] = 1：1.5：10.5的操作條件下可去除70%的COD，此為Fenton法的技術極限。隨後以Photo-Fenton及Fered-Fenton法處理檸檬酸，COD可突破傳統Fenton的處理極限；Photo-Fenton法的COD處理極限為90%，Fered-Fenton法在適當的操作條件下，COD甚至可完全的去除。利用IC分析檸檬酸氧化後的產物，發現以高級氧化技術氧化檸檬酸後的主要產物為草酸。而透過文獻可解釋，Photo-Fenton法在COD去除率的提升主要是藉由反應後期的草酸與三價鐵錯合，吸收光源進行”配位基至金屬的電荷遷移”效應，草酸因此反應機構而自行分解成CO2。而Fered-Fenton法在COD去除率的提升，主要進行與Photo-Fenton法相似的反應，藉由反應後期的草酸與三價鐵錯合，於陰極上進行”配位基至金屬的電荷遷移(Ligan-to-Metal Charge Transfer)”效應。
　　在檸檬酸及次磷酸混合液高級氧化研究中，Photo-Fenton及Fered-Fenton法反應可克服Fenton法反應中磷錯合催化劑導致處理效果不佳的問題。在相同加藥條件下，其處理極限可由Fenton法的20%COD去除率提升至90%。Photo-Fenton法中，H2O2迅速加藥可縮短反應時間，但最後會因汙泥的遮蔽效應而無法提升COD去除率。Fered-Fenton法中，H2O2迅速加藥會造成大量的零價鐵於陰極上沉澱，溶液中鐵離子濃度降低，導致無法順利進行初期的氫氧自由基氧化步驟，及後期的”配位基至金屬的電荷遷移”效應。故Fered-Fenton法最適的操作方式，雙氧水採連續式，且全程加藥，防止催化劑於陰極沉澱。

The primary objective of this dissertation is to study the treatment of chelate ( citrate ) and reductant ( hyposphosphite ) from electroless nickel plating wastewater. It is easy to remove phosphite and phosphate in the solution by chemical coagulation and precipitation, but it is difficult for the removal of hypophosphite and COD of citrate. We used Fenton’s reagent to remove COD of citrate and oxidize hypophosphite to phosphite or phosphate, then both of phosphate and phosphate could be removed by chemical coagulation.
In binary system (contain hypophosphite and citrate), the hypophosphite could be oxidized entirely by Fenton’s reagent at pH2.8~3.0 and by the following molar ratio of dosage: hypophosphite：citrate：Fe(II)：H2O2：= 1：1：1.5：3. Only 20% COD major contributed by citrate was removed due to the iron ions complex with phosphite and phosphate. The complexed iron ions were poisoned. On the other words, the poisoned iron ions coulde not catalyze H2O2 and remove COD.
In single system (only citrate), 70% COD of citrate was removed by Fenton process at pH2~3 and by the following molar ratio of dosage: citrate：Fe(II)：H2O2=1：1.5：10.5. When we employed Photo-Fenton and Fered-Fenton for the treatment of citrate, the optimum efficiencies of COD removal were 90% and 100% COD, respectively. Among of Fenton, Photo-Fenton and Fered-Fenton processes for the treatment of citrate, the main intermediate was oxalate analyzed by ion chromatography. It is well known that the lights can induce ligand-to-metal charge transfer of the complexed ferrioxalate, and the oxalate transform to CO2 during this stage. Therefore, the hydroxyl radical plays no significant for the degradation of oxalate. The mechanism of Fered-Fenton for oxalate treatment is also similar to that in photo-Fenton process, the complexed ferrioxalate proceed “ligand-to-metal charge transfer” in cathode.
In binary system (contain hypophosphite and citrate), both of Photo-Fenton and Fered-Fenton can overcome the problem that phosphorous complexing with catalyst lead to low COD removal efficiency in Fenton process. In the same dosage condition, COD removal efficiency can increase to 90%. In Photo-Fenton, it can decrease reaction time by increasing H2O2 dosage rate, but it is influenced by large sludge in final stage of Photo-Fenton process. In Fered-Fenton, it causes amount of zero valent iron that precipitating on cathode seriously by increasing H2O2 dosage rate, and then the iron concentration decrease in solution, not only the oxidation of hydroxyl radical in initial but also “ligand to metal charge transfer” can’t carry into execution efficiently. So the H2O2 dosage method must be controlled continuously in the whole course to prevent the precipitated of catalyst on cathode in Fered-Fenton process.

目  錄
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………  I
英文摘要………………………………………………………………………III
誌謝………………………………………………………………………………V
目錄……………………………………………………………………………VII
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………… XI
表目錄…………………………………………………………………………XIV
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………………	1
  1-1研究背景及動機………………………………………………………	1
  1-2研究目的與內容………………………………………………………	4
第二章 文獻回顧……………………………………………………………	5
  2-1磷的簡介………………………………………………………………	5
    2-1-1磷的氫氧化物對環境的影響……………………………………	6
    2-1-2磷處理文獻回顧…………………………………………………	8
  2-2 檸檬酸的簡介………………………………………………………   10
    2-2-1 檸檬酸的應用及其對環境之影響……………………………   11
    2-2-2檸檬酸處理文獻回顧……………………………………………  14
  2-3高級氧化技術處理比較文獻回顧……………………………………  16
  2-4化學混凝法之原理……………………………………………………  19
  2-5高級氧化技術原理……………………………………………………  21
    2-5-1 Fenton Reaction………………………………………………  21
    2-5-2 Electro-Fenton Reaction……………………………………  23
    2-5-3 Photo-Fenton Reaction………………………………………  26
第三章 實驗設備、材料與方法……………………………………………  30
  3-1實驗架構………………………………………………………………  31
  3-2實驗藥品………………………………………………………………  32
  3-3實驗設備………………………………………………………………  33
  3-4實驗裝置………………………………………………………………  33
  3-5實驗步驟………………………………………………………………  35
    3-5-1化學混凝沉澱法…………………………………………………  35
    3-5-2 Fenton氧化法…………………………………………………   36
    3-5-3 Photo-Fenton氧化法…………………………………………   37
    3-5-3 Fered-Fenton氧化法…………………………………………   38
  3-6 水樣分析方法………………………………………………………   40
    3-6-1 亞鐵濃度測定…………………………………………………   40
    3-6-2 過氧化氫濃度測定……………………………………………   41
    3-6-3 COD分析………………………………………………………    41
    3-6-4 IC分析…………………………………………………………   42
第四章 實驗結果與討論…………………………………………………    43
  4-1化學混凝法處理次磷酸、亞磷酸、磷酸與檸檬酸………………    45
  4-2 Fenton氧化檸檬酸與次磷酸雙成分溶液…………………………   49
    4-2-1 pH變因…………………………………………………………   50
    4-2-2 FeCl2劑量………………………………………………………  54
    4-2-3 H2O2劑量………………………………………………………   57
    4-2-4次磷酸濃度……………………………………………………    60
  4-3 應用Fenton程序處理檸檬酸………………………………………   62
    4-3-1 pH變因…………………………………………………………   62
    4-3-2 FeCl2劑量變因…………………………………………………  66
    4-3-3 H2O2劑量及加藥方式變因……………………………………   68
    4-3-4 溫度變因………………………………………………………   71
  4-4 應用Photo-Fenton、Fered-Fenton法處理檸檬酸………………… 73
    4-4-1 Photo-Fenton 法- H2O2加藥速率變因…………………………73
    4-4-2 Photo-Fenton 法- H2O2加藥劑量變因…………………………76
    4-4-3 Fered-Fenton法- H2O2加藥速率變因………………………… 79
    4-4-4 Fered-Fenton 法- H2O2加藥劑量變因…………………………82
  4-5 各高級氧化技術比較及機制探討…………………………………… 86
  4-6 檸檬酸及次磷酸高級氧化…………………………………………… 96
    4-6-1 各高級氧化技術比較…………………………………………… 96
    4-6-2 H2O2加藥劑量及加藥速率變因………………………………… 99
第五章 結論與建議………………………………………………………… 105
5-1 結論……………………………………………………………………  105
    5-1-1 化學混凝沉澱法………………………………………………  105
    5-1-2 檸檬酸及次磷酸雙成分Fenton氧化法………………………  105
    5-1-3 檸檬酸高級氧化………………………………………………  106
    5-1-4檸檬酸及次磷酸雙成分高級氧化比較………………………   107
  5-2 建議…………………………………………………………………  108
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………  109
附 錄………………………………………………………………………   117
自 述………………………………………………………………………   120

圖 目 錄
圖2-1 : 次磷酸、亞磷酸與磷酸的化學結構圖……………………………	7
圖2-2 : 檸檬酸的結構式…………………………………………………… 10
圖3-1：Jar Test反應裝置…………………………………………………  33
圖3-2：Photo-Fenton反應裝置……………………………………………  34
圖3-3：Fered-Fenton反應裝置……………………………………………  34
圖3-4：1,10-phenanthroline法亞鐵離子校正曲線……………………… 40
圖3-5：鈦試劑法過氧化氫校正曲線………………………………………  41
圖4-1：不同pH對化學混凝處理次磷酸、亞磷酸、磷酸及檸檬酸的影
響……………………………………………………………………………… 47
圖4-2：不同pH下，FePO4與Fe(OH)3的平衡關係圖………………………  48
圖4-3a： Fenton後混凝pH對COD去除率及H2O2殘留率的關係…………… 51
圖4-3b：不同pH對Fenton處理檸檬酸及次磷酸混合液系統中次磷酸、亞磷酸
、磷酸變化…………………………………………………………………… 53
圖4-3c：不同pH對Fenton處理檸檬酸及次磷酸混合液的影響…………… 54
圖4-4：FeCl2加藥量對Fenton氧化檸檬酸及次磷酸混合液的影響……… 55
圖4-5：H2O2加藥量對Fenton氧化檸檬酸及次磷酸的影響………………  58
圖4-6：雙成分檸檬酸及次磷酸Fenton法氧化反應機制圖………………  59
圖4-7：次磷酸濃度對Fenton氧化次磷酸的影響…………………………  61
圖4-8：Fenton反應過程的pH變化…………………………………………  63
圖4-9：pHf對Fenton氧化檸檬酸的影響…………………………………   64
圖4-10：Fenton反應效率與pHi、pHf的關係……………………………   65
圖4-11：FeCl2加藥量對Fenton氧化檸檬酸的影響……………………    67
圖4-12：H2O2加藥量對Fenton氧化檸檬酸的影響………………………   69
圖4-13：H2O2加藥方式對Fenton氧化檸檬酸的影響……………………   70
圖4-14：反應溫度對Fenton氧化檸檬酸的影響…………………………   72
圖4-15：H2O2加藥速率對Photo-Fenton氧化檸檬酸的影響……………   75
圖4-16：H2O2加藥劑量對Photo-Fenton氧化檸檬酸的影響……………   77
圖4-17：COD及Fe2+於Photo-Fenton氧化檸檬酸系統中的變化…………  78
圖4-18：H2O2加藥速率對Fered-Fenton氧化檸檬酸的影響……………   81
圖4-19：H2O2加藥劑量對Fered-Fenton氧化檸檬酸的影響……………   84
圖4-20：COD及Fe2+於Fered-Fenton氧化檸檬酸系統中的變化………    85
圖4-21：各高級氧化技術氧化檸檬酸比較………………………………   87
圖4-22：各高級氧化技術氧化檸檬酸後IC分析圖………………………   88
圖4-23：各高級氧化技術氧化檸檬酸後草酸變化比較…………………   89
圖4-24：光解草酸、草酸&三價鐵比較…………………………………    91
圖4-25：檸檬酸Photo-Fenton氧化反應機制圖…………………………   92
圖4-26：草酸、草酸鐵直接電解…………………………………………   93
圖4-27：檸檬酸Fered-Fenton氧化反應機制圖( Main Reaction )…    95
圖4-28：檸檬酸後期產物草酸電解氧化反應機制圖( Side Reaction )  96
圖4-29：各高級氧化技術氧化檸檬酸及次磷酸混合液比較……………   97
圖4-30：Photo Fenton氧化檸檬酸及次磷酸……………………………  100
圖4-31：Fered-Fenton氧化檸檬酸及次磷酸混合液……………………  102
圖4-32：檸檬酸及磷酸系統中還原三價鐵………………………………  103
圖A-1：IC Standard………………………………………………………  117
圖A-2：草酸IC校正曲線…………………………………………………   117
圖A-3：次磷酸、亞磷酸及磷酸IC校正曲線……………………………   118
圖A-4：次磷酸、亞磷酸換算化學需氧量………………………………   118
圖A-5：反應中草酸COD佔總COD比例變化………………………………   119

表 目 錄
表1-1：化學鍍鎳的應用範圍………………………………………………	1
表1-2：化學鎳溶液的成分及其作用………………………………………	2
表2-1：次磷酸、亞磷酸與磷酸於水中的平衡常數表……………………	6
表2-2：磷處理文獻回顧……………………………………………………	8
表2-3：檸檬酸於水中的平衡常數表………………………………………  10
表2-4：檸檬酸處理文獻回顧………………………………………………  14
表2-5：高級氧化技術處理比較文獻回顧…………………………………  16
表2-6：Fenton於無有機物的狀況下反應機制……………………………  22
表2-7：鐵離子與亞鐵離子於水溶液中的平衡常數………………………  23
表2-8：Photo-Fenton系統相關反應及速度常數…………………………  27
表2-9：鐵離子與草酸的平衡關係…………………………………………  29
表4-1：25℃之標準還原電位………………………………………………  83
                                    

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