研究背景：自1999年大地震後，台灣已將防災準備納入施政重點。社區賦權(Empowerment)的過程，凝聚共識和提高民眾參與度，是推動社區防災準備成功的關鍵，其中社區領袖扮演重要的角色。雖然現階段已經有社區防災準備訓練計畫，但是仍缺乏健康照護、災難風險覺察、脆弱族群應變、身心健康衝擊和人際影響等內容。因此，發展以社區領袖為視角的全面性防災準備教育訓練刻不容緩。
研究目的：本研究目的為社區領袖建構以理論為基礎，全面性的防災準備訓練計畫，並驗證此教育訓練的可行性、實用性、滿意度、信心和學習成效。
研究方法：本研究以混合研究設計，採三階段進行。第一階段發展防災準備教育訓練計畫階段：(1)以保護動機理論之文獻回顧，找出防災準備教育訓練之核心元素；(2)半結構質性訪談5位社區領袖，對防災準備教育訓練進行需求評估。第二階段檢視防災準備教育訓練計畫，邀請5位專家審查此教育訓練計畫的內容效度。第三階段則為可行性研究，驗證防災教育訓練計畫之可行性和實用性，以及參與者對此訓練計畫學習成效之先驅性研究。採用單組前、後測和一個月後追蹤研究。以方便取樣招募25位台南社區領袖(里長、社區發展協會理事長、社區老人會會長、宗教社區領袖、婦女會會長、管理會委員會主委等)，作為可行性研究之研究對象。研究工具包含自擬式問卷評估防災準備教育訓練之可行性、實用性和滿意度、防災準備信心和防災準備行為等問卷。
資料分析：本研究之質性資料以內容分析法進行分析。在教育訓練內容效度，以內容效度指標(Content. Validity Index, CVI)進行評定。以描述性統計分析，設定顯著水準(α level)為.05，以百分比、平均數和標準差進行人口學、可行性、實用性、滿意度和自信心之統計。以重複測量變異數分析學習成效。
研究結果：第一階段：五位社區領袖，平均年齡為 51.8歲 (SD = 7.59 y/o)、均為男性。訪談資料經質性內容分析後，分為課程內容及教學策略與技巧兩大類，其中課程內容包含4大主題，分別為社區資源連結、保護和協助易脆弱族群、疏散和避難，以及健康照護。本研究擬定防災準備教育課程，命名為R3_SAF3E教育訓練 (R3包含Ready 〔預防和災前整備〕、Response〔反應期〕和 Recovery〔復原期〕；SAF3E概念：Severity災難的嚴重性和Awareness災難意識；F3為Faith〔信心〕、Familiarity〔熟悉〕和 Fast Response〔快速反應〕；E：Experience)。第二階段：五位專家審查後之容效度為I-CVI及S-CVI/Ave均為1分、SCVI/UA為0.94分，顯示具良好的內容效度。第三階段可行性和先驅性研究：本研究共有25位社區領袖參與R3_SAF3E教育訓練，平均年齡57.2歲 (SD = 8.83)。防災準備教育訓練的可行性、實用性、滿意度和信心得分依序為4.58 (SD = .51)、4.56 (SD = .48)、4.73 (SD = .39)、 4.30 (SD = .59)。在學習成效部分，防災準備行為的自我效能 (F = 4.211, p = .037)、阻礙 (F = 10.059, p < .001) 和實際行為 (F = 6.115, p = .004) 存在顯著差異。不同時間點的風險覺察、反應效能和行為意向則無顯著差異。 然而，在反應效能有上升之趨勢（F = 3.233, p = .064）。
結論:本研究方式是質量結合的混合性研究，是台灣第一個將保護動機理論結合社區領袖防災準備需求評估，強調以社區為中心(community-center)所開發的R3_SAF3E防災準備教育訓練課程，具良好內容效度。此教育訓練不僅具可行性和實用性，降低對防災準備的阻礙，也提升了社區領袖防災準備的自我效能和實際防災準備行為。研究結果可作為日後制定其他防災訓練規劃之參考，可幫助當地居民以提高防災意識。種子師資培訓，做為未來推廣防災準備教育訓練到各個縣市或社區是至關重要。

Background: Disaster preparedness has been a priority in national policy since the 1999 earthquake in Taiwan. Community empowerment, consensus-building, and public engagement have become pivotal factors for successful community disaster preparedness, in which community leaders play a critical role. Although the current training programs have included community disaster preparation plans, the elements of health care and disaster risk perception, vulnerable groups’response, health impacts, and interpersonal conflicts are still lacking. Therefore, developing a comprehensive disaster preparedness training program that integrates community leaders’perspectives is imperative.
Purposes: The purposes of this study were to develop a comprehensive, theory-based training program for community leaders in disaster preparedness, and to test the feasibility, practicality, satisfaction, confidence, and learning effectiveness of this program.
Methods: This three-phase study adopted a mixed methods research approach. The first phase of this study involved the development of a disaster preparedness training program, including (1) identification of the core elements of disaster preparedness training through a literature review on the contents and the protection motivation theory and (2) semi-structured, qualitative interviews with 5 community leaders to assess their training needs. The second phase was to validate the content of the developed disaster preparedness training program. The validity of the content was examined by 5 experts. The third phase involved a feasibility study to examine the disaster training program’s feasibility and practicality and a pilot study to test the efficacy of this program and the learning effectiveness of the participants. A pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up survey was employed with convenience sampling of 25 community leaders (the chief of a village, leaders of community development associations, community seniors association, religious groups, women’s association, and the building management committee) in Tainan city. Researchers-development questionnaires were used to assess the feasibility, practicality, satisfaction, and confidence of the training program and their disaster preparedness behaviors.
Data analysis: Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Content validity indexes were calculated for the content validity of the program. Descriptive statistical analyses with a significance level (α level) set at .05 including percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used to describe the demographics, feasibility, practicality, satisfaction, and confidence. Repeated measures ANOVAs with post hoc tests were conducted to assess learning effectiveness.
Results: In the first phase, five male community leaders (mean age = 51.8 years, SD ± 7.59) participated in qualitative interviews. Suggestions on curriculum content and teaching strategies were considered when developing the program. Four main themes were constructed: Community resource linkage, Protection and assistance for vulnerable groups, Evacuation and sheltering, and Health care. The developed disaster preparedness training program was named the R3_SAF3E training program (R3 stands for readiness, response, and recovery; the concept of SAF3E, SA represents severity and awareness, F3 contains Faith, Familiarity, and Fast Response, and E refers to Experience). In the second phase, content validity was assessed by five experts, yielding an I-CVI and S-CVI/Ave of 1, and an S-CVI/UA of 0.94, indicating good content validity. In the third phase, a feasibility study and a pilot study of 25 community leaders (mean age = 57.2 years, SD = 8.83) were conducted. The program demonstrated high feasibility, practicality, satisfaction, and confidence, with scores of 4.58 (SD = .51), 4.56 (SD = .48), 4.73 (SD = .39), and 4.30 (SD = .59), respectively, on a 5-point Likert scale. Regarding the learning effectiveness of disaster preparedness, there were significant differences in self-efficacy (F = 4.211, p = .037), obstacles (F = 10.059, p < .001), and actual behavior (F = 6.115, p = .004). There were no significant differences in risk perception, response efficacy, and behavioral intention at different time points. However, there was an increasing trend in response efficacy (F = 3.233, p = .064).
Conclusion: This is the first study in Taiwan that integrated protection motivation theory and based on the disaster preparedness needs from community leaders. This community-based R3_SAF3E disaster preparedness training program demonstrates a strong content validity, feasibility and practicality. The R3_SAF3E training program effectively reduced obstacles to disaster preparedness and enhanced community leaders’ self-efficacy and actual disaster preparedness behaviors. The results of this study can be used as a reference for planning disaster preparedness training for other programs aimed at helping local residence to raise their awareness in disaster preparedness. Training seeded trainers are essential for popularizing R3_SAF3E and extending disaster preparedness training to various counties in the future.

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