人造具可見光尺度的結構(如光子晶體及準光子晶體)在近年受到科學家積極地
研究，光子晶體具有異常的折射特性，如：負折射、超稜鏡及自我準直效應，由於準光子晶體具多重旋轉對稱性，使其具均向性的光子晶體能隙。本論文研究兩個主題，其一為研究二維正方晶格光子晶體結構其光學及光電特性；另一為準光子晶體及多重連續曝光繞射光柵之製作並研究其繞射特性。
本論文第一部分研究利用全像液晶聚合物薄膜製作二維正方晶格光子晶體結構
並探討其光學及光電特性。實驗中利用二道光干涉在二次曝光下來製作二維光子晶體結構，兩道對打光與樣品夾45°進行第一次曝光，接下來將樣品轉90°進行第二次曝光，形成的光子晶體結構藉由掃描式電子顯微鏡來拍攝，並與理論計算結構相符。實驗結果證實入射可見光在特定入射角度下其具有超稜鏡現象及負折射，並與模擬結果一致，並且發現其負折射效率可經由電場來調控。
本論文第二部分研究利用全像液晶聚合物薄膜製作準光子晶體及多重連續曝光
繞射光柵(CMEDG)。實驗中將樣品固定在旋轉平台上以z 軸為軸心，x-y 平面上作旋轉。準光子晶體使用二道光干涉以每次旋轉20°進行十八次曝光，而多重連續曝光繞射光柵以十八次曝光/非曝光來製作，以曝光/非曝光作為一個週期，其曝光及非曝光角度為10°。製作出的結構在電子顯微鏡的觀察下，沿著結構中心往外具弧形波紋結構。實驗中並觀測到由正向入射偵測至樣品產生的繞射圖樣與入射光偵測的位置有關，可繞射出十八個弧形或者部份弧形，其應用可做為雷射振動偵測元件，此偵測元件的靈敏度約為100 μm。對於準光子晶體，其繞射圖樣與偵測位置無關。

Artificial mesoscale structures in the order of visible light wavelength, such as photonic crystals (PCs) and photonic quasi-crystals (PQCs), have been extensively investigated in recent years. PCs possesses unusual refraction effects such as negative refraction, superprism effect, and beam self-collimation; while, PQCs have isotropic photonic bandgap due to the higher rotational symmetry. This thesis studies two topics; the first is the study of optical/electro-optical properties of two-dimensional (2-D) square lattice (SL) PCs, and the other is the fabrications and diffraction characteristics of a PQC and a continuous multiple exposure diffraction grating (CMEDG).
The first part of this thesis investigates the fabrication of the 2-D SL PCs and their optical/electro-optical properties are then studied. The PCs are based on polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) that are formed using two-beam interference with double exposures. To make the first holographic exposure, two counter propagating beams are incident onto the sample at an incident angle of 45°, and the sample is then rotated clockwise by an angle of 90° to perform the second holographic exposure. The PC structure is observed using a scanning electron microscope, and found to match with the theoretical interference pattern. The results of optical/electro-optical studies demonstrate that superprism and negative refraction effects occur at certain incident angles over a range of frequencies, and are consistent with the simulated ones. Moreover, the negative refraction efficiency is electrically controllable.
The second part of the thesis discusses PQC and CMEDG that are fabricated holographically on PDLC films using two-beam interference with multiple exposures. In fabrication, the sample revolves a circle on a rotation stage and rotates on the x-y plane around the z-axis. The PQC is formed by point-by-point 18-exposure of two-beam interference with the sample being rotated with 20°; while, the CMEDG is fabricated by exposing a PDLC film to 18 repeated exposure/non-exposure cycles with an angular step of ~10°/10°. The formed structure of the sample is analyzed using a scanning electron microscope and shows arc-ripples around the center. From the diffraction patterns of the formed grating obtained using a normally incident laser beam, some or all of the 18 recorded arc beams can be reconstructed, as determined by the probing location. Thus, it can be applied for use as a beam-vibration sensor for a laser. The sensitivity of the sample as a beam vibration sensor is measured to be ~100 μm. However, the reconstruction from PQC is not sensitive to the probing location.

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