由於純鈦及其合金具有出色的化學穩定性與生物相容性，因此經常廣泛應用於牙科與骨科領域中。然而於臨床應用中，純鈦及其合金仍被視為生物惰性材料，因此無法與人體組織產生化學鍵結。微弧氧化方法是一種能夠增進純鈦表面性質的表面改質技術，因此本研究係利用微弧氧化技術來製備含鍶之孔洞氧化皮膜，並探討其氧化皮膜之物理化學特性、生物活性、抗腐蝕性質與細胞生理反應。此外，再經由適當的熱處理更能夠增進其機械性質。
物理化學性質係利用電子顯微鏡、能量散射光譜儀、薄膜繞射儀、化學分析電子儀與粗糙度量測儀進行量測。生物活性是於材料表面形成類骨磷灰石，亦是材料生物相容的指標之一，而其評估方式係將試片浸泡於人體模擬體液中，以觀測試片表面是否具有形成類骨磷灰石之能力。另外於人工植體的臨床應用中，其氧化皮膜與植體間的附著力是一非常重要的因素，因此微弧氧化皮膜與基材間之附著力將以刮痕試驗來評估。細胞方面評估將分成兩部分來測試，分別為細胞形態的表現與細胞增生試驗。
由電子顯微鏡觀測試片表面為一均勻孔洞結構，微弧氧化皮膜經過熱處理後，顯示出經800°C熱處理後出現三鈣磷酸鹽的相組成，推測應是由非結晶相結晶化所組成，但是並沒有發現含鍶氫氧基磷灰石的結晶相；另外表面形貌並沒有因為熱處理而有所改變。再經由浸泡人體模擬體液檢測，顯示出經400°C熱處理後之含鍶微弧氧化皮膜仍能形成類骨磷灰石，然而類骨磷灰石並不會形成於800°C熱處理後之試片表面，可能是氧化皮膜結晶後降低了類骨磷灰石形成的能力。此外，刮痕試驗試驗顯示出微弧氧化皮膜與基材間之附著力隨著熱處理溫度增加而增加；然而未經熱處理的微弧氧化皮膜附著力已經足以應用於臨床應用上。
微弧氧化皮膜之厚度介於3.70-3.79 μm之間；而粗糙度則介於0.31-0.34 μm之間。另外，其相組成結果發現微弧氧化皮膜係由氧化鈦組成，其中包括銳鈦礦與金紅石兩種相，另外利用能量散射光譜儀與化學分析電子儀能夠發現鈣、磷與鍶鑲嵌於孔洞氧化皮膜中。將微弧氧化皮膜試片置於人體模擬體液中一天後，發現有沉澱物沉澱於試片表面；而浸泡七天後，發現其沉澱物幾乎覆蓋試片表面。其沉澱物發現具有纖維狀之結構，並經由薄膜繞射儀鑑定其相組成為磷灰石；顯示出含鍶之微弧氧化皮膜能誘導類骨磷灰石於表面成長。於抗腐蝕方面，微弧氧化皮膜於人體模擬體液中比未經處理之純鈦表面有更佳的腐蝕電位，在金屬表面鈍化區內，微弧氧化皮膜亦有較低之電流密度；其結果顯示出微弧氧化皮膜的確能夠提供內部金屬之抗腐蝕之功能。另外，由於二氧化鈦形成於純鈦表面以保護純鈦，因此純鈦之極化阻抗則高於微弧氧化皮膜；而鍶的導電度優於鈣，因此隨著微弧氧化皮膜中的鍶含量增加，微弧氧化皮膜之極化阻抗則有下降的趨勢。細胞培養測試方面發現含有不同鍶含量之微弧氧化皮膜，並不會影響細胞初期貼附之細胞形態，另外培養一天與七天後，亦不會影響其細胞數目。然而於培養十四天後，含鍶1%與5%之微弧氧化皮膜的細胞增生數目明顯高於未含鍶之微弧氧化層，但是含鍶10%之微弧氧化皮膜則無益於細胞增長。
綜合上述實驗可歸納本研究之成果。(1)將不同含量的鍶鑲嵌於微弧氧化皮膜中，並不會改變物理化學性質，但是能有助於細胞之生理反應。(2)對於臨床應用上，含鍶之微弧氧化皮膜具有良好生物活性，並能提供抗腐蝕之特性。(3)於適當的熱處理後，不僅能夠增加含鍶之微弧氧化皮膜之機械性質，亦能夠維持其生物活性。

Titanium and its alloys are widely used in dental and orthopedic fields due to their excellent chemical stability and biocompatibility. Because they are considered as bio-inert materials in clinical use, it is difficult to achieve a chemical bonding with bone tissue. The micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technique is a modifiable method to improve surface characteristics of titanium. This study focuses on the MAO coatings formed in the electrolytes with different strontium content. Several properties of MAO coatings were investigated including physicochemical characteristics, bioactivity, corrosion resistance, and cell behavior. Besides, an appropriate heat treatment is an effective method to improve the mechanical property.
The physicochemical characteristics were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), thin film X-ray diffraction (TF-XRD) analysis, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and surface roughness test. The formation of an apatite phase generated on the surface of materials has been suggested to be indicative of biocompatibility. The bioactivity of materials was evaluated based on the ability to induce a bond-like apatite layer on the surface in simulated body fluid (SBF). In clinical application, the adhesion between the coating and the substrate is important factor for dental implants and artificial joint prosthesis. The adhesion strength was evaluated using scratch test. Cell behavior included morphology observation by SEM and number count by methylthiazoletetrazolium assay of the cells.
Using the SEM, the surface morphology exhibited uniform porous structure on titanium. After heat treatment, the TF-XRD results indicate that the tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) phase is formed at a temperature of 800°C, and this could be attributed to crystallization of amorphous phase. SEM results show that the surface morphology does not change. However, the peak of strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite was not observed. After soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF), the apatite layer formed on the surface of 400°C-treated MAO coatings containing strontium, but the formation of apatite layer was not found in all kinds of 800°C-treated specimens. The crystallization of coatings would inhibit the ability of apatite formation. Furthermore, the scratch test results reveal that the adhesion strength between the coatings and the substrate increases with increasing heat treatment temperature. The adhesion strength of MAO coatings without heat treatment is sufficient to use in clinical applications.
The average thickness of all oxide coatings is from 3.70 to 3.79 μm, and the surface roughness of all specimens is from 0.31 to 0.34 μm. The TF-XRD results indicated that phase of MAO coatings was anatase and rutile. The calcium, phosphorus, and strontium were detected in the oxide coatings by EDS and ESCA. It indicated that calcium, phosphorus, and strontium were amorphous phase in the oxide coatings. After the materials were soaked in SBF for 1 day, precipitates formed on the surface of MAO coating. The surface of MAO coatings was completely covered with precipitates after 7 days. The precipitates, which were found to be composed of fiber structures, were identified as the apatite phase using TF-XRD. The results show that MAO coatings incorporating strontium can induce the formation of an apatite layer on their surface. In the potentiodynamic test, oxide coatings exhibited a more noble corrosion potential (Ecorr) than that of titanium in SBF. In the passive region, the current density of oxide coatings was lower than that of titanium. The phenomenon showed that MAO coatings provided for a layer of corrosion resistance. Owing to forming TiO2 on the titanium surface, the polarization resistance of titanium is higher than oxide coatings. Besides, the polarization resistance of oxide coatings decreased with increasing strontium contents because strontium conductivity is higher than calcium. Cell culture experiments demonstrate that MAO coating formed in the electrolytes with different strontium content would not alter initial cell morphology and 1-day and 7-day cell numbers. The cell proliferation of coatings containing 1% or 5% strontium content at 14-day culture was higher than coatings without strontium content at 14-day culture, but the higher strontium content (10%) could not be beneficial to cell growth.
All findings in this study indicated that (1) strontium incorporated into MAO coatings did not change the physicochemical characteristics but exhibited an effect on biological responses. (2) MAO coatings containing strontium have good bioactivity and corrosion resistance for clinical applications. (3) MAO coatings containing strontium with optimal heat treatment could improve mechanical properties and maintain the bioactivity and cell responses.

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