高溫會對番茄生長與發育有不良影響，並使番茄結果率和產量下降。其中，植物的雄配子體，包括花藥以及花粉，在發育的各個階段對高溫特別敏感。絨氈層是花粉囊周圍的一層孢子體細胞，扮演營養及分泌組織對花粉發育扮演重要角色。絨氈層在四分子期會啟動程序性細胞死亡（PCD），以提供水解酶從四分體中釋放小孢子，調節小孢子的發育並提供養分供給花粉壁的形成。而絨氈層程序性細胞死亡的時間和進程由進化保守的轉錄網絡嚴格地調控。植物熱逆境反應(heat stress response)會發展出複雜的熱逆境反應相關基因的轉錄及轉錄調控網路以得到抵抗熱逆境的能力(thermotolerance)，這些熱逆境反應基因大都為轉錄因子包括熱休克因子（HSFs）與熱休克蛋白（HSPs）。我們利用從世界蔬菜中心獲得的耐熱番茄品系（CLN1621L）與熱敏感番茄品系（CA4）作為研究材料，探討熱逆境對花粉發育的影響，並探討一些阿拉伯芥熱逆境反應垂直同源基因在番茄不同花發育時期的表現模式，是否這些基因在熱逆境下也會被誘導表現。我們依據花粉的發育分為六個花的發育時期包括SI, 小孢子母細胞期、SII, 減數分裂到四分體期、SIII, callose分解到自由小胞子期、SIV,液泡化小孢子到極化小孢子期、SV,不對稱有絲分裂及雙核期和SVI, 成熟雙核期。CA4在熱逆境環境下生長比CLN1621L明顯使花粉數及發芽率下降，塑膠切片顯微鏡觀察發現兩個品種生長在熱逆境下，花藥內絨氈層細胞自殺發生時間明顯不同，CA4在減數分裂初期絨氈層就開始瓦解，而CLN1621L到四分體期才有觀察到這個現象。我們也分析七個熱逆境反應基因(HSFA1b, HSFA2, HSFB1, HSFB2b, HSP70.8, HSP70.10 and HSP90)表現模式，這些基因比起CA4，CLN1621L不同發育期在熱逆境下明顯被誘導表現尤其是SV時期。我們的結果顯示CA4的絨氈層在熱逆境下提早啟動PCD，可能造成花粉數極低的原因，再者熱逆境下CLN1621L會大量表現熱逆境反應基因可能是維持花粉活性的重要因素。

The high temperature will adversely affect tomato growth and development, and reduce the fruiting rate and the yield. The male gametophytes, including anthers and pollens, are particularly sensitive to high temperature at various stages of the development. The tapetum is a layer of somatic cells surrounding the pollen sac, which function as a nutritive and secretory tissue plays an important role in the development of microspore and early pollen. The tapetum undergoes programmed cell death (PCD) during late stages of microspore development also provide enzymes for the release of microspores from the tetrad and regulates the formation of the exine. Heat stress response (HSR) in plants involved the complex networks of transcriptional and post-translational regulation of the transcription factors including heat shock factors (HSFs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs). In this study, we used the heat-tolerant (CLN1621L) and the heat-sensitive (CA4) tomato cultivars obtained from the World Vegetable Center. In this study, we compared the effects of high temperature on pollen development, and examined whether or not some of HSR othologous genes to Arabidopsis were activated in tomato floral tissues under heat stress. The flower buds were divided into six stages based on stages of pollen development (SI, pre-meiosis stage; SII, meiosis to tetrad stage; SIII, callose degradation to free microspore stage; SIV, free vacuolated to polarized microspore stage; SV, mitosis to early bicellular pollen; and SVI, mature bicellular pollen). The pollen viability and germination were significantly reduced in CA4 than CLN1621L when plant grown under heat stress condition. Tissue sections were prepared from epoxy resin embedding and used for light microscopy studies. We observed tapetal PCD at early meiosis in CA4 compared to at tetrad stage in CLN1621L under heat stress condition. The expression patterns of seven HSR genes (HSFA1b, HSFA2, HSFB1, HSFB2b, HSP70.8, HSP70.10 and HSP90) were also examined. These HSR genes were significantly induced in CLN1621L than CA4 under heat stress condition, and were preferentially expressed in SV Stage. Our data suggested that pre-matured tapetal PCD in CA4 maybe the main cause of low pollen production. High levels of HSR gene transcripts in CLN1621L might play important function in maintaining pollen viability under heat stress condition.

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