無線感測網路逐漸被普遍應用於物體或事件的監控。然而因著感測節點大都僅配備稀少的電量能源，且傳送與接收大量的資料相當消耗感測節點的能源，所以如何維持系統能夠長時間正常運作，一直是許多學者研究的重要議題。一個可能的想法是，我們可以從資料的傳遞方式著手進行。許多 routing protocol 皆是以一條固定的路徑進行資料傳送，然而當資料被傳送的次數是頻繁或大量時，在傳送路徑上的感測節點將會很快地因耗盡能源而失去作用。在本篇論文中，我們探討如何使用多條路徑進行資料傳送的問題，並且提出了建置負載平衡的多路徑傳送方法。實驗結果顯示，所提方法能夠有效地延長無線感測網路的生命週期。

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are being popularly applied to monitoring of objects and events. Most of the sensor nodes in WSN are equipped with scarce energy, thus an efficient energy management is necessary for maintaining a long-living network. Transmitting and receiving data are the most costly operations among all operations of sensor nodes. Thus, how to efficiently transfer data between sensor nodes is critical for the life of network. Most researchers focused on how to select a single path for data transmission. When the amount of transmitted data is large or the transmitting frequency is high, the energy of the sensor nodes on a routing path will fast drain off. Transmitting data over multiple routing paths could effectively alleviate this phenomenon. In this paper we propose some load-balancing algorithms for constructing multiple routing paths to transmit data. Our simulation results show that the proposed algorithms could efficiently extend the lifetime of a WSN.

[BKPA03] Sagnik Bhattacharya, Hyung Kim, Shashi Prabh, and Tarek Abdelzaher, “Energy-Conserving Data Placement and Asynchronous Multicast in Wireless Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys), San Francisco, CA, pages 173-186, May 2003.

[CK03] Chee-Yee Chong and Srikanta P. Kumar, “Sensor Networks: Evolution, Opportunities, and Challenges”, In Proceedings of the IEEE, 91(8), pages 1247-1256, August 2003.

[CPRS03] Thomas Clouqueur, Veradej Phipatanasuphorn, Parameswaran Ramanathan, and Kewal K. Saluja, “Sensor Deployment Strategy for Detection of Targets Traversing a Region”, Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), 8(4), pages 453-461, 2003.

[DBN03] Budhaditya Deb, Sudeept Bhatnagar, and Badri Nath, “ReInForM: Reliable Information Forwarding Using Multiple Paths in Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the 28th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN’03), pages 406-415, October 20-24 2003.

[DC03] Santpal Singh Dhillon and Krishnendu Chakrabarty, “Sensor Placement for Effective Coverage and Surveillance in Distributed Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC'03), New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, pages 1609-1614, March 16-20 2003.

[DQW03] Swades De, Chunming Qiao, and Hongyi Wu, “Meshed Multipath Routing with Selective Forwarding: an Efficient Strategy in Wireless Sensor Networks”, Computer Networks Journal, 43(4), pages 481-497, November 2003.

[GGSE01] Deepak Ganesan, Ramesh Govindan, Scott Shenker, and Deborah Estrin, “Highly-resilient, energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensornetworks”, ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and CommunicationsReview, 5(4), pages 10-24, 2001.

[GHH+02] Ramesh Govindan, Joseph M. Hellerstein, Wei Hong, Samuel Madden, Michael Franklin, and Scott Shenker, “The Sensor Network as a Database”, Technical Report, 02-771, Computer Science Department, University of Southern California, September 2002.

[GLW03] Weihua Guo, Zhaoyu Liu, and Guangbin Wu, “An Energy-Balanced Transmission Scheme for Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the First ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys’03), Los Angeles, California, USA, pages 300-301, November 5-7 2003.

[HHMS03] Joseph M. Hellerstein, Wei Hong, Samuel Madden, and Kyle Stanek, “Beyond Average: Towards Sophisticated Sensing with Queries”, In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’03), Palo Alto, California, USA, pages 63-79, April 22-23 2003.

[HSLA03] T. He, J. Stankovic, C. Lu, and T. Abdelzaher, “SPEED: A stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks”, In Proceedings of the 23rd International Confernece on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS-23), Providence, RI, USA, pages 46-55, May 2003.

[IEGH02] Chalermek Intanagonwiwat, Deborah Estrin, Ramesh Govindan, and John Heidemann, “Impact of Network Density on Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Vienna, Austria, pages 575-578, July 2002.

[IGE00] Chalermek Intanagonwiwat, Ramesh Govindan, and Deborah Estrin, “Directed Diffusion A Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom’00), Boston, Massachusetts, USA, pages 56-67, August 6-11 2000.

[JMA03a] Neha Jain, Dilip K. Madathil, and Dharma P. Agrawal, “Energy Aware Multi-Path Routing for Uniform Resource Utilization in Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Information Processing in Sensor Networks(IPSN'03), Palo Alto, CA, pages 473-487, April 22-23 2003.

[JMA03b] Neha Jain, Dilip K. Madathil, and Dharma P. Agrawal, “Exploiting Multi Path Routing to achieve Service Differentiation in Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON 2003), Sydney, Australia, pages 681-686, Sep 28-Oct 1 2003.

[KAK03] Hyung Seok Kim, Tarek F. Abdelzaher, and Wook Hyun Kwon, “Minimum-energy Asynchronous Dissemination to Mobile Sinks in Wireless Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the First ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys’03), Los Angeles, California, USA, pages 193-204, November 5-7 2003.

[KK00] Brad Karp and H.T. Kung, “GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks”, In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom’00, Boston, Mas-sachusetts, pages 243-254, August 2000.

[KK04] Hyung Seok Kim and Wook Hyun Kwon, “Spatial and Temporal Multi-Aggregation for State-Based Sensor Data in Wireless Sensor Networks”, Telecommunication Systems, special issue on Wireless Sensor Networks, 26(2-4), pages 161-179, 2004.

[KSS+03] Sooyeon Kim, Sang H. Son, John A. Stankovic, Shuoqi Li, and Yanghee Choi, “SAFE: A Data Dissemination Protocol for Periodic Updates in Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Data Distributions For Real-Time SYSTEMS (DDRTS), Providence, RI, pages 228-234, May 2003.

[LKGH03] Xin Li, Young Jin Kim, Ramesh Govindan, and Wei Hong, “Multi-dimensional Range Queries in Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the First ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys’03), Los Angeles, California, USA, pages 63-75, November 5-7 2003.

[LLP05] Kok Keong Loh, Say Huan Long, and Yi Pan, “An Efficient and Reliable Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks, pages 512-516, June 13-16 2005.

[MFHH02] Samuel Madden, Michael J. Franklin, Joseph M. Hellerstein, and Wei Hong, “TAG: a Tiny AGgregation Service for Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Operation Systems Design and Implementation(OSDI’02), Boston, USA, pages 131-146, December 2002.

[MFHH03] Samuel Madden, Michael J. Franklin, Joseph M. Hellerstein, and Wei Hong, “The Design of an Acquisitional Query Processor For Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD’03), San Diego, California, USA, pages 491–502, June 9-12 2003.

[MSFC02] Samuel Madden, Robert Szewczyk, Michael J. Franklin, and David Culler, “Supporting Aggregate Queries Over Ad-Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of 4th IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing and Systems Applications (WMCSA’02), Callicoon, New York, USA, pages 49-58, June 2002.

[RKS+03] Sylvia Ratnasamy, Brad Karp, Scott Shenker, Deborah Estrin, Ramesh Govindan, Li Yin, and Fang Yu, “Data-Centric Storage in Sensornets with GHT, A Geographic Hash Table”, Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), the Journal of SPECIAL ISSUES on Mobility of Systems, Users, Data and Computing, 8(4), pages 427-442, August 2003.

[TK03] H. O. Tan and I. Korpeoglu, “Power efficient data gathering and aggregation in wireless sensor networks”, SIGMOD Record, 32(7), pages 66-71, 2003.

[YG03] Yong Yao and Johannes Gehrke, “Query Processing for Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the First Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR), Asilomar, California, USA, pages 233-244, January 5-8 2003.

[YLC+02] Fan Ye, Haiyun Luo, Jerry Cheng, Songwu Lu, and Lixia Zhang, “A Two-tier Data Dissemination Model for Large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom’02), Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pages 148-159, September 23-28 2002.

[ZGE03] Jerry Zhao, Ramesh Govindan, and Deborah Estrin, “Computing Aggregates for Monitoring Wireless Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Sensor Net Protocols and Applications(SNPA), Anchorage, AK, USA, pages 139-148, May 11 2003.

[ZLX05] Le Zou, Mi Lu, and Zixiang Xiong, “A Distributed Algorithm for the Dead End Problem of Location Based Routing in Sensor Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 54(4), pages 1509-1522, July 2005.