本研究提出整合聲音定位、電腦視覺技術與情境式的目標分析原則，打造可用於學習場域之可追蹤與強化目標語音的方法，並完成初步的穿戴式雛型系統。該雛型系統的使用對象著重於注意力不足過動症與有聽力受損的學生等，藉由系統強化學習環境中的目標語音並降低噪音干擾，提升學生在學習過程的專注力。本研究改良實驗室先前所提出之用於聽損人士的輔助聽力系統，導入聲音定位、新的陣列麥克風設計與情境式的分析原則，讓其更能符合學生在學習場域之需求；例如改善電腦視覺偵測不到人臉時無法定位目標、學習時的可能目標切換、學生如何穿戴的設計等。實驗結果顯示，本研究所提出的方法在噪音源與目標相隔30°以上，無論電腦視覺是否有偵測到人臉都能正常定位。其定位的準確度大於83%，且隨著距離收音端越遠其分辨率越高，並可提升目標語音至少5.2 dB。情境式的目標分析原則可讓學生選擇所對應的學習場景，讓使用上更有彈性。利用此方法所打造的學童穿戴式雛型產品設計，與市面上的產品相比有其優勢，且更能符合學童在學習環境中使用，顯示此方法未來在產品化的潛力。

This research proposed to create a target speech tracking and enhancement method that could be used in the learning environment by integrating sound localization, computer vision technology and situational target analysis principles, and built a preliminary wearable prototype system. The prototype system was targeted at students with ADHD or hearing-impaired students. The system enhanced the target speech in the learning environment and reduced noise interference to help students concentrate more easily through the learning process. This research improved the previous assistive hearing system for the hearing impaired proposed by the laboratory by introducing sound localization, new array microphone design, and situational analysis principles, so that it could better meet the needs of students in the learning environment. For example, the proposed system solved the problem that the computer vision could not locate the target when the face was not detected, the possible target switching during learning, the design of how students wear it, etc. The experimental results show that the proposed method from this research could locate the noise source apart from the target more than 30°, regardless of whether the computer vision detected the human face or not. Its positioning accuracy was greater than 83%, and its success rate was higher as the distance from the microphone was farther, and the target voice could be improved by at least 5.2 dB. The situational target analysis principles allowed students to choose the corresponding learning scenario, making it more flexible in use. The wearable prototype design for schoolchildren had its advantages compared with other products on the market and could adapt to the learning environment well, showing the potential of this method in productization in the future.

[1] Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed (DSM-V). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
[2] K. Sayal, V. Prasad, D. Daley, T. Ford, and D. Coghill, "ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision," The Lancet Psychiatry, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 175-186, 2018.
[3] N. C. Martin, F. Levy, J. Pieka, and D. A. Hay, "A genetic study of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder and reading disability: Aetiological overlaps and implications," International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 21-34, 2006.
[4] Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). Washington, D.C.:American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
[5] G. V. Polanczyk, E. G. Willcutt, G. A. Salum, C. Kieling, and L. A. Rohde, "ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis," International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 434-442, 2014.
[6] G. Xu, L. Strathearn, B. Liu, B. Yang, and W. Bao, "Twenty-Year Trends in Diagnosed Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among US Children and Adolescents, 1997-2016," JAMA Network Open, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. e181471, 2018.
[7] S. N. Visser et al., "Trends in the Parent-Report of Health Care Provider-Diagnosed and Medicated Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: United States, 2003–2011," Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 34-46.e2, 2014.
[8] R. Thomas, S. Sanders, J. Doust, E. Beller, and P. Glasziou, "Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis," Pediatrics, vol. 135, no. 4, pp. e994-e1001, 2015.
[9] C. J. Bachmann, A. Philipsen, and F. Hoffmann, "ADHD in Germany: Trends in Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy," (in eng), Dtsch Arztebl Int, vol. 114, no. 9, pp. 141-148, 2017.
[10] H. Caci et al., "Health Care Trajectories for Children With ADHD in France: Results From the QUEST Survey," (in eng), J Atten Disord, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 52-65, Jan 2020.
[11] T. Ford, R. Goodman, and H. Meltzer, "The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders," (in eng), J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1203-11, Oct 2003.
[12] NHS Digital. Mental health of children and young people in England. Summary of key findings. [Online]. Available: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2020-wave-1-follow-up#chapter-index
[13] S. McCarthy et al., "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: treatment discontinuation in adolescents and young adults," British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 194, no. 3, pp. 273-277, 2009.
[14] G. C. Akutagava-Martins, L. A. Rohde, and M. H. Hutz, "Genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an update," Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 145-156, 2016.
[15] S. A. Bélanger, D. Andrews, C. Gray, and D. Korczak, "ADHD in children and youth: Part 1—Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity," Paediatrics & Child Health, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 447-453, 2018.
[16] S. V. Faraone and H. Larsson, "Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder," Molecular psychiatry, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 562-575, 2019.
[17] E. Sciberras, M. Mulraney, D. Silva, and D. Coghill, "Prenatal risk factors and the etiology of ADHD—review of existing evidence," Current psychiatry reports, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1, 2017.
[18] B. M. Cruikshank, M. Eliason, and B. Merrifield, "Long-Term Sequelae of Cold Water Near-Drowning," Journal of Pediatric Psychology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 379-388, 1988.
[19] M. O'Dougherty, K. H. Neuchterlein, and B. Drew, "Hyperactive and hypoxic children: Signal detection, sustained attention, and behavior," Journal of Abnormal Psychology, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 178-191, 1984.
[20] D. Dunn, A. Williams, J. Giust, and W. Kronenberger, "Epilepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: links, risks, and challenges," Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, p. 287, 2016.
[21] J. E. Max et al., "Putamen lesions and the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptomatology," Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 563-571, 2002.
[22] Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 2nd ed (DSM-II). Washington, D.C.:American Psychiatric Association, 1968.
[23] Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed (DSM-III). Washington, D.C.:American Psychiatric Association, 1980.
[24] Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed. Revised (DSM-III-R). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.
[25] C. Kieling et al., "The Age at Onset of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder," American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 167, no. 1, pp. 14-16, 2010.
[26] G. Polanczyk, A. Caspi, R. Houts, S. H. Kollins, L. A. Rohde, and T. E. Moffitt, "Implications of Extending the ADHD Age-of-Onset Criterion to Age 12: Results from a Prospectively Studied Birth Cohort," Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 210-216, 2010.
[27] J. N. Epstein and R. E. Loren, "Changes in the definition of ADHD in DSM-5: subtle but important," Neuropsychiatry, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 455-458, 2013.
[28] International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th ed (ICD-10). Geneva.: World Health Organization, 1990.
[29] E. Doernberg and E. Hollander, "Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ASD and ADHD): DSM-5, ICD-10, and ICD-11," CNS Spectrums, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 295-299, 2016.
[30] S. I. Lee et al., "Predictive validity of DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder," Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 70-78, 2008.
[31] M. L. Danielson, S. N. Visser, A. Chronis-Tuscano, and G. J. DuPaul, "A national description of treatment among United States children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder," The Journal of pediatrics, vol. 192, pp. 240-246. e1, 2018.
[32] R. C. F. Cândido, C. A. Menezes de Padua, S. Golder, and D. R. Junqueira, "Immediate‐release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults," Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 1, 2021.
[33] J. Martinez-Raga, C. Knecht, N. Szerman, and M. I. Martinez, "Risk of serious cardiovascular problems with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder," CNS drugs, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 15-30, 2013.
[34] D. Coghill, T. Banaschewski, A. Zuddas, A. Pelaz, A. Gagliano, and M. Doepfner, "Long-acting methylphenidate formulations in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review of head-to-head studies," BMC psychiatry, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1-24, 2013.
[35] E. Mick, D. D. McManus, and R. J. Goldberg, "Meta-analysis of increased heart rate and blood pressure associated with CNS stimulant treatment of ADHD in adults," European Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 534-541, 2013.
[36] A. N. Westover and E. A. Halm, "Do prescription stimulants increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events?: A systematic review," BMC cardiovascular disorders, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2012.
[37] L. A. Habel et al., "ADHD medications and risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults," Jama, vol. 306, no. 24, pp. 2673-2683, 2011.
[38] H. Schelleman et al., "Methylphenidate and risk of serious cardiovascular events in adults," American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 169, no. 2, pp. 178-185, 2012.
[39] J.-Y. Shin, E. E. Roughead, B.-J. Park, and N. L. Pratt, "Cardiovascular safety of methylphenidate among children and young people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): nationwide self controlled case series study," bmj, vol. 353, 2016.
[40] G. J. DuPaul, A. Chronis-Tuscano, M. L. Danielson, and S. N. Visser, "Predictors of Receipt of School Services in a National Sample of Youth With ADHD," (in eng), J Atten Disord, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1303-1319, Sep 2019.
[41] G. F. Gaastra, Y. Groen, L. Tucha, and O. Tucha, "Unknown, unloved? teachers’ reported use and effectiveness of classroom management strategies for students with symptoms of ADHD," in Child & Youth Care Forum, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2020.
[42] O. Almog and Z. Shechtman, "Teachers' democratic and efficacy beliefs and styles of coping with behavioural problems of pupils with special needs," European Journal of Special Needs Education, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 115-129, 2007.
[43] M. L. Rimestad, R. Lambek, H. Zacher Christiansen, and E. Hougaard, "Short-and long-term effects of parent training for preschool children with or at risk of ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis," Journal of attention disorders, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 423-434, 2019.
[44] D. H. Dallaire et al., "Relation of positive and negative parenting to children's depressive symptoms," (in eng), J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 313-322, 2006.
[45] E. A. Stormshak, K. L. Bierman, R. J. McMahon, and L. J. Lengua, "Parenting practices and child disruptive behavior problems in early elementary school," Journal of clinical child psychology, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 17-29, 2000.
[46] K. K. Sarker, C. Dadida, P. Dhliwayo, and D. J. Sen, "Ear is the Excellent Acoustic Reader: The Effect of Acoustics on this Sophisticated Organ," American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 658-671, 2014.
[47] Bruss DM, Shohet JA. Neuroanatomy, Ear. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551658/
[48] H. Tian et al., "Graphene earphones: Entertainment for both humans and animals," ACS nano, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 5883-5890, 2014.
[49] World Health Organization. Deafness and hearing loss. [Online]. Available:
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss
[50] World Health Organization. Global costs of unaddressed hearing loss and cost-effectiveness of interventions. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/world-hearing-day/CostOfUnaddressedHearingLossExecSummary.pdf
[51] T. C. Morata, D. E. Dunn, L. W. Kretschmer, G. K. Lemasters, and R. W. Keith, "Effects of occupational exposure to organic solvents and noise on hearing," Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, pp. 245-254, 1993.
[52] R. J. Tanna, J. W. Lin, and O. De Jesus. Sensorineural hearing loss. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565860/#_NBK565860_pubdet_
[53] The National Hearing Test. What information is on an audiogram and what does it mean for the person’s hearing ability? [Online]. Available: https://www.nationalhearingtest.org/wordpress/?p=786#!prettyPhoto.
[54] W. Chien and F. R. Lin, "Prevalence of hearing aid use among older adults in the United States," Archives of internal medicine, vol. 172, no. 3, pp. 292-293, 2012.
[55] A. McCormack and H. Fortnum, "Why do people fitted with hearing aids not wear them?," International journal of audiology, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 360-368, 2013.
[56] W. P. Hunek and S. Paszkiel, “Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience: Proceedings of the 3rd Int. Scientific Conf. on Brain-Computer Interfaces, BCI 2018, March 13-14,” Opole, Poland.: Springer, 2018.
[57] J. De Houwer, D. Barnes-Holmes, and A. Moors, "What is learning? On the nature and merits of a functional definition of learning," Psychonomic bulletin & review, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 631-642, 2013.
[58] S. Mattys, "Speech perception," The Oxford handbook of cognitive psychology, pp. 391-412, 2014.
[59] P. Chiappe, D. L. Chiappe, and L. S. Siegel, "Speech perception, lexicality, and reading skill," Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 58-74, 2001.
[60] L. C. Erickson and R. S. Newman, "Influences of Background Noise on Infants and Children," Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 451-457, 2017.
[61] B. Lidestam, J. Holgersson, and S. Moradi, "Comparison of informational vs. energetic masking effects on speechreading performance," Frontiers in psychology, vol. 5, p. 639, 2014.
[62] D. S. Brungart, "Informational and energetic masking effects in the perception of two simultaneous talkers," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 1101-1109, 2001.
[63] T. Doll and T. Hanna, Directional cueing effects in auditory recognition. Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ, 1997.
[64] G. Kidd Jr, C. R. Mason, P. S. Deliwala, W. S. Woods, and H. S. Colburn, "Reducing informational masking by sound segregation," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 3475-3480, 1994.
[65] G. Kidd Jr, C. R. Mason, and T. L. Rohtla, "Binaural advantage for sound pattern identification," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 1977-1986, 1995.
[66] D. L. Neff, "Signal properties that reduce masking by simultaneous, random‐frequency maskers," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 1909-1920, 1995.
[67] P. H. T. Zannin, “Noise in the School Environment,” in Noise and Ergonomics in the Workplace. USA: Nova Publishers, 2013.
[68] K. Mealings, "Classroom acoustic conditions: Understanding what is suitable through a review of national and international standards, recommendations, and live classroom measurements," presented at The 2nd Australasian Acoustical Societies' Conf., Brisbane, Australia, 2016.
[69] C. C. Crandell and J. J. Smaldino, "Classroom acoustics for children with normal hearing and with hearing impairment," Language, speech, and hearing services in schools, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 362-370, 2000.
[70] M. Krueger et al., "Relation between listening effort and speech intelligibility in noise," American Journal of Audiology, vol. 26, no. 3S, pp. 378-392, 2017.
[71] CogniFit research. Attention: One of our cognitive domains. [Online]. Available: https://www.cognifit.com/attention
[72] M. M. Sohlberg and C. A. Mateer, "Effectiveness of an attention-training program," Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 117-130, 1987.
[73] F. Katsuki and C. Constantinidis, "Bottom-up and top-down attention: different processes and overlapping neural systems," The Neuroscientist, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 509-521, 2014.
[74] J. B. Fritz, M. Elhilali, S. V. David, and S. A. Shamma, "Auditory attention—focusing the searchlight on sound," Current opinion in neurobiology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 437-455, 2007.
[75] E. R. Hafter, A. Sarampalis, and P. Loui, "Auditory attention and filters," in Auditory perception of sound sources: Springer, 2008, pp. 115-142.
[76] P. R. Jones, D. R. Moore, and S. Amitay, "Development of auditory selective attention: why children struggle to hear in noisy environments," Developmental Psychology, vol. 51, no. 3, p. 353, 2015.
[77] M. M. Haines, S. A. Stansfeld, R. S. Job, B. Berglund, and J. Head, "A follow-up study of effects of chronic aircraft noise exposure on child stress responses and cognition," International journal of epidemiology, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 839-845, 2001.
[78] J. M. Rimmele, E. Z. Golumbic, E. Schröger, and D. Poeppel, "The effects of selective attention and speech acoustics on neural speech-tracking in a multi-talker scene," Cortex, vol. 68, pp. 144-154, 2015.
[79] C. Clark and K. Paunovic, "WHO environmental noise guidelines for the European region: A systematic review on environmental noise and cognition," International journal of environmental research and public health, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 285, 2018.
[80] C. Crandell and J. Smaldino, "Room acoustics for listeners with normal-hearing and hearing impairment," Audiology treatment, pp. 601-637, 2000.
[81] M. K. Han, H. Storkel, and D. E. Bontempo, "The effect of neighborhood density on children's word learning in noise," Journal of child language, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 153-169, 2019.
[82] Buchari and N. Matondang, "The impact of noise level on students’ learning performance at state elementary school in Medan," presented at AIP Conf. Proceedings, vol. 1855, no. 1: AIP Publishing LLC, p. 040002, 2017.
[83] L. Muralidharan, S. Gaur, and C. Muralidharan, "Noise Pollution of Local Train and its Impact on Students Residing Nearby Railway Station," Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, vol. 5, issue 10, 592-596, 2018.
[84] C. Clark et al., "Exposure-effect relations between aircraft and road traffic noise exposure at school and reading comprehension: the RANCH project," American journal of epidemiology, vol. 163, no. 1, pp. 27-37, 2006.
[85] M. M. Haines, S. A. Stansfeld, R. S. Job, B. Berglund, and J. Head, "Chronic aircraft noise exposure, stress responses, mental health and cognitive performance in school children," Psychological medicine, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 265-277, 2001.
[86] M. M. Haines et al., "The West London Schools Study: the effects of chronic aircraft noise exposure on child health," Psychological medicine, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1385-1396, 2001.
[87] J. Seabi, K. Cockcroft, P. Goldschagg, and M. Greyling, "The impact of aircraft noise exposure on South African children's reading comprehension: the moderating effect of home language," Noise and Health, vol. 14, no. 60, p. 244, 2012.
[88] S. Hygge, G. W. Evans, and M. Bullinger, "A prospective study of some effects of aircraft noise on cognitive performance in schoolchildren," Psychological science, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 469-474, 2002.
[89] G. W. Evans and L. Maxwell, "Chronic noise exposure and reading deficits: The mediating effects of language acquisition," Environment and Behavior, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 638-656, 1997.
[90] J. R. Sullivan, C. Carrano, and H. Osman, "Working memory and speech recognition performance in noise: implications for classroom accommodations," Communication Disorders, Deaf Studies and Hearing Aids, vol. 3, pp. 136-141, 2015.
[91] T. Matsui, S. Stansfeld, M. Haines, and J. Head, "Children's cognition and aircraft noise exposure at home-the West London Schools Study," Noise and Health, vol. 7, no. 25, p. 49, 2004.
[92] P. Lercher, G. W. Evans, and M. Meis, "Ambient noise and cognitive processes among primary schoolchildren," Environment and Behavior, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 725-735, 2003.
[93] M. Matheson et al., "The effects of road traffic and aircraft noise exposure on children's episodic memory: The RANCH Project," Noise and Health, vol. 12, no. 49, p. 244, 2010.
[94] N. Saleem, M. I. Khattak, and M. Shafi, "Unsupervised speech enhancement in low SNR environments via sparseness and temporal gradient regularization," Applied Acoustics, vol. 141, pp. 333-347, 2018.
[95] K. L. Anderson, H. Goldstein, L. Colodzin, and F. Iglehart, "Benefit of S/N enhancing devices to speech perception of children listening in a typical classroom with hearing aids or a cochlear implant," Journal of Educational Audiology, vol. 12, pp. 14-28, 2005.
[96] J. E. Dockrell and B. Shield, "The impact of sound-field systems on learning and attention in elementary school classrooms," Journal of Speech, vol.55, pp. 1163-1176, 2012.
[97] C. Bertin, “Standards For Safe Listening Systems: Situation Analysis,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/Monograph_on_situation_analysis_and_background_for_standards_for_safe_listening_systems.pdf
[98] W. E. Pelham et al., "Music and Video as Distractors for Boys with ADHD in the Classroom: Comparison with Controls, Individual Differences, and Medication Effects," Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 1085-1098, 2011.
[99] S. S. Zentall and J. H. Shaw, "Effects of classroom noise on performance and activity of second-grade hyperactive and control children," Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 72, no. 6, p. 830, 1980.
[100] P. L. Sneddon, "The Effects of Auditory Stimulation on Academic and Behavioral Performance in Children with and without Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Order No. 1422326, Utah State University, Ann Arbor, 2004.
[101] C. K. Whalen, B. Henker, B. E. Collins, D. Finck, and S. Dotemoto, "A social ecology of hyperactive boys: Medication effects in structured classroom environments," Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 65-81, 1979.
[102] M. Uno et al., "Effect of additional auditory and visual stimuli on continuous performance test (noise-generated CPT) in AD/HD children–usefulness of noise-generated CPT," Brain and Development, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 162-169, 2006.
[103] I. Berger and H. Cassuto, "The effect of environmental distractors incorporation into a CPT on sustained attention and ADHD diagnosis among adolescents," Journal of neuroscience methods, vol. 222, pp. 62-68, 2014.
[104] H. Cassuto, A. Ben-Simon, and I. Berger, "Using environmental distractors in the diagnosis of ADHD," Frontiers in human neuroscience, vol. 7, p. 805, 2013.
[105] T. T. Lineweaver et al., "The effects of distraction and a brief intervention on auditory and visual-spatial working memory in college students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder," Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 791-805, 2012.
[106] E. Bubl et al., "Elevated Background Noise in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Is Associated with Inattention," PLOS ONE, vol. 10, no. 2, p. e0118271, 2015.
[107] G. Söderlund, S. Sikström, and A. Smart, "Listen to the noise: noise is beneficial for cognitive performance in ADHD," Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 840-847, 2007.
[108] G. B. Söderlund, S. Sikström, J. M. Loftesnes, and E. J. Sonuga-Barke, "The effects of background white noise on memory performance in inattentive school children," Behavioral and brain functions, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2010.
[109] G. B. Söderlund and E. N. Jobs, "Differences in speech recognition between children with attention deficits and typically developed children disappear when exposed to 65 dB of auditory noise," Frontiers in psychology, vol. 7, p. 34, 2016.
[110] L. P. Batho, R. Martinussen, and J. Wiener, "The effects of different types of environmental noise on academic performance and perceived task difficulty in adolescents with ADHD," Journal of attention disorders, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1181-1191, 2020.
[111] T. A. Pickens, S. P. Khan, and D. J. Berlau, "White noise as a possible therapeutic option for children with ADHD," Complementary therapies in medicine, vol. 42, pp. 151-155, 2019.
[112] S. Göran and S. Sikström, "Positive effects of noise on cognitive performance: Explaining the moderate brain arousal model," in The 9th Congress of the International Comisssion on the Biological Effects of Noise, Leibniz Gemeinschaft, 2008, pp. 378-386.
[113] E. Hoff and L. Naigles, "How children use input to acquire a lexicon," Child development, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 418-433, 2002.
[114] G. von Trapp, I. Aloni, S. Young, M. N. Semple, and D. H. Sanes, "Developmental hearing loss impedes auditory task learning and performance in gerbils," Hearing research, vol. 347, pp. 3-10, 2017.
[115] R. McGarrigle, S. J. Gustafson, B. W. Hornsby, and F. H. Bess, "Behavioral measures of listening effort in school-age children: Examining the effects of signal-to-noise ratio, hearing loss, and amplification," Ear and Hearing, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 381-392, 2019.
[116] C. S. Howard, K. J. Munro, and C. J. Plack, "Listening effort at signal-to-noise ratios that are typical of the school classroom," International journal of audiology, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 928-932, 2010.
[117] M. Klatte, T. Lachmann, and M. Meis, "Effects of noise and reverberation on speech perception and listening comprehension of children and adults in a classroom-like setting," Noise and Health, vol. 12, no. 49, p. 270, 2010.
[118] M. P. Moeller and J. B. Tomblin, "An introduction to the outcomes of children with hearing loss study," Ear and hearing, vol. 36, no. 0 1, p. 4S, 2015.
[119] C.-F. Liu, W.-S. Ciou, P.-T. Chen, and Y.-C. Du, "A real-time speech separation method based on camera and microphone array sensors fusion approach," Sensors, vol. 20, no. 12, p. 3527, 2020.
[120] T. S. Kiong, S. B. Salem, J. K. S. Paw, K. P. Sankar, and S. Darzi, "Minimum variance distortionless response beamformer with enhanced nulling level control via dynamic mutated artificial immune system," The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, 2014.
[121] P. Sijtsma, "CLEAN based on spatial source coherence," International journal of aeroacoustics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 357-374, 2007.
[122] U. Michel, "History of acoustic beamforming," presented at The 1st Berlin Beamforming Conf., Berlin, Germany, 2006.
[123] D. Salvati, C. Drioli, and G. L. Foresti, "On the use of machine learning in microphone array beamforming for far-field sound source localization," presented at IEEE 26th International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP), Vietri sul Mare, Italy, 2016, pp. 1-6.
[124] J. Heymann, L. Drude, and R. Haeb-Umbach, "Neural network based spectral mask estimation for acoustic beamforming," presented at 2016 IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Shanghai, China, pp. 196-200.
[125] W. Ma and X. Liu, "Phased microphone array for sound source localization with deep learning," Aerospace Systems, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 71-81, 2019.
[126] J. Du, Q. Wang, Y. Tu, X. Bao, L. Dai, and C. Lee, "An information fusion approach to recognizing microphone array speech in the CHiME-3 challenge based on a deep learning framework," presented at 2015 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding (ASRU), pp. 430-435.
[127] T. W. Kim, N. K. Kim, G. W. Lee, I. Park, and H. K. Kim, "Use of DNN-Based Beamforming Applied to Different Microphone Array Configurations," presented at Audio Engineering Society Convention 147, Audio Engineering Society, 2019.
[128] P. Pertilä and J. Nikunen, "Microphone array post-filtering using supervised machine learning for speech enhancement," presented at 5th Annual Conf. of the Int. Speech Communication Association, 2014.
[129] B.-S. Lin et al., "Development of novel hearing aids by using image recognition technology," IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1163-1170, 2018.
[130] G. Huang, J. Chen, and J. Benesty, "Insights Into Frequency-Invariant Beamforming With Concentric Circular Microphone Arrays," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 2305-2318, 2018.
[131] D. Kitamura, H. Saruwatari, H. Kameoka, Y. Takahashi, K. Kondo, and S. Nakamura, "Multichannel Signal Separation Combining Directional Clustering and Nonnegative Matrix Factorization with Spectrogram Restoration," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 654-669, 2015.
[132] N. Kumar and A. Singh, "Study of Microphone Array Characteristics and Noise Reduction," International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 10826-10830, 2018.
[133] FUROTO MEDICAL & WELFARE. 聽吾-手持式輔助溝通器. [Online]. Available: https://www.furoto.com.tw/product_d.php?lang=tw&tb=1&id=120.
[134] Alango Technologies Ltd. VOICE ENHANCEMENT OnlyVoice™ with In-Ear Accelerometer. [Online]. Available: http://www.alango.com/technologies-onlyvoice-in-ear-accelerometer.php.
[135] J. Hsu. Starkey’s AI Transforms Hearing Aids Into Smart Wearables. [Online]. Available: https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/devices/starkeys-ai-transforms-hearing-aid-into-smart-wearables.
[136] 衛生福利部社會及家庭署多功能輔具資源整合推廣中心. Merry美麗聽輔聽(ME-300D). [Online]. Available: https://newrepat.sfaa.gov.tw/home/pavs/product/detail/2c90e4c76e7cc273016e7cc3baff14dc.
[137] OrCam. Hearing Amplification Devices Market is Disrupted by OrCam. [Online]. Available: https://www.orcam.com/en/blog/hearing-amplification-devices-market-is-disrupted-by-orcam/.
[138] Auditory Processing Center. Remote Microphone Systems / FM Systems. [Online]. Available:https://www.auditorycenter.com/services/fm-systems/#sthash.KGPWOD1z.dpbs.
[139] oticon PEDIATRICS. FM for Real Life. [Online]. Available: https://www.oticon.com/-/media/oticon-us/main/download-center/amigo/brochure/108588us-amigo-t30-t31-product-brochure.pdf.