本研究嘗試以平坦度標準差（Standard Deviation，SD）與國際糙度指標（International Roughness Index，IRI）作為鋪面平坦度評估指標，由迴歸關係分析結果發現平坦度標準差SD指標與國際糙度指標IRI是有相近趨勢與效果，故二者均可作為路面平坦度檢測代表性指標。以合格機率80%作為接受區界線，省道新工工程平坦度標準差SD的驗收門檻值為2.35mm，國際糙度指標IRI驗收門檻值為3.55m/km；省道養護工程平坦度標準差SD的驗收門檻值為2.50mm，國際糙度指標IRI驗收門檻值為3.80m/km。以合格機率95%表示懲罰區界線，省道新工工程平坦度平坦度標準差SD的驗收門檻值為3.00mm，國際糙度指標IRI驗收門檻值為4.25m/km；省道養護工程平坦度標準差SD的驗收門檻值為3.15mm，國際糙度指標IRI驗收門檻值為4.50m/km。以合格機率95%作為拒絕區之界線，大於SD與IRI驗收門檻值時，則該鋪面即應刨除重鋪並重新檢驗。
使用生命週期成本分析對於落入懲罰區之完工鋪面平坦度檢驗值，省道新工工程使用平坦度標準差SD作為指標時，付款調整最多為每100元/m2減價20.30元/m2，而國際糙度指標IRI付款調整最多為每100元/m2減價16.60元/m2；省道養護工程平坦度使用平坦度標準差SD作為指標時，付款調整最多為每100元/m2減價21.50元/m2，而國際糙度指標IRI付款調整最多為每100元/m2減價15.80元/m2。
以三公尺直規作為長度200公尺以下之挖掘道路與人手孔鐵蓋平坦度接管（養）之驗收儀器，建立標準驗證程序與單點高低差3點檢測法檢測方法，檢測縱向挖掘路面合格率最高為37.3%，人手孔鐵蓋合格率7.8%次之，橫向挖掘路面檢測合格率4.8%為最低。檢測結果顯示W公司其合格率隨著時間的增加而逐漸提升達100%；而P公司其合格率隨著時間起伏變化但最高亦僅約50%，顯示P公司對於挖掘路面修補情況重視與改善的效果較W公司為差。
本研究發現管線單位人手孔鐵蓋劣化率平均約為27%，無人手孔鐵蓋設施劣化率平均約為10%，使用公路總局標準差規範SDterminal＝2.8mm與SDterminal＝3.4mm作為養護門檻值進行生命週期成本分析時，公路用地使用費每258元/m2可依付款調整減收約60元/m2及145元/m2，人手孔鐵蓋設施因影響鋪面平坦度，公路用地使用費依付款調整則每258元/m2分別再加收約115元/m2及75元/m2。

This research tries to regard the Standard Deviations(SD) and International Roughness Index(IRI) as assessing the smoothenss index. Accounting to regression analysis show that SD and IRI are close trends and results, both can be the smoothenss index of road surface. Regarding 80% of qualified probability as the boundary line of accepting area, the new construction project of threshold value of the smoothenss of SD is 2.35mm, it is 3.55m/km to confirm threshold value in IRI. The threshold value of maintaining project of the smoothenss of SD is 2.50mm, it is 3.80m/km to confirm threshold value in IRI. The boundary line of punishing area in 95% of qualified probability, the new construction project of threshold value of the smoothenss of SD is 3.00mm, it is 4.25m/km to confirm threshold value in IRI. The threshold value of maintaining project of the smoothenss of SD is 3.15mm, it is 4.50m/km to confirm threshold value in IRI. Regard 95% of qualified probability as the boundary line of the refusing area, it is big when SD and IRI confirm threshold value, this should be repave and examines again.
Using the life cycle cost method to analyzes the smoothness index, the new construction project of SD of pay adjustment at most for 100 dollars/m2 reduce the price 20.30 dollars/m2, and the IRI of pay adjustment at most for 16.60 dollars/m2 down every 100 dollars/m2 at most. The highway is maintained the smoothness of project while using SD as the indicator, it pay adjustment at most for 100 dollars/m2 reduces 21.50 dollars/m2, and pay adjustment at most for 100 dollars/m2 of indicator IRI reduces 15.80 dollars/m2.
Regard 3m-straightedge as length less than 200m excavating road and hand hole iron cover smoothness confirmation instrument, set up the standard verification procedure proving standard of it measure to single point detection method as level. Measuring result show that longitudinal excavate road surface have highest 37.3% of qualification rate, hand hole iron 7.8% of qualification rate is second, transverse excavate road surface is 4.8% of qualification rate for being lowest.
Using the SD of Directorate General of Highways to standardize SDterminal =2.8mm and SDterminal =3.4mm as maintain threshold value carry on life cycle cost analysis, highway land use fee have 258 dollars/m2 can in accordance with is it adjust about 60 dollars/m2 and 145 dollars/m2 to pay the bill, influence shop front degree not smooth of lasting because facility hand hole iron, highway land use fee in accordance with paying adjustment 258 dollars/m2 demand a surcharge of about 115 dollars/m2 and 75 dollars/m2 of respectively.

[1] AASHO (1962)," The AASHO Road Test Report 5, Pavement
Research", HRB Special Report 61E.
[2] Hearne, T. M., Barbee, C. L., and Helms, L. N. (1996)," Asphalt
Rideability: Construction Control with a Straightedge,"
Transportation Research Record 1543, pp.81~88.
[3] Shafizadeh, K. and Mannering, F. (2003)," Acceptability of
Pavement Roughness on Urban Highways by the Driving Public,"
Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting (CD-ROM).
[4] ......, ......, ......, ........2005.., ..................
.........., ............, .. 32 .... 4 .., .. 19~40 ...
[5] ......(2005), .................................., ......
......, .. 44 .... 2 .., .. 75~92 ...
[6] Poister, T. H., Garvey, P. H., Zineddin, A. Z., Pietrucha, M. T. and
Smith, C. L. (2005)," Developing Roadway Ride Quality Standards
from the Customer Perspective," Transportation Research Board
Annual Meeting (CD-ROM).
[7] Shafizadeh, K., Mannering, F. and Pierce L. (2002)," A Statistical
Analysis of Factors Associated with Driver-Perceived Road
Roughness on Urban Highways," Final Research Report WA-RD
538.1, Washington State Department of Transportation.
[8] Kuemmel, D. A., Robinson, R. K., Griffin, R. J., Sonntag, R. C., and
Giese, J. K. (2001), Public Perceptions of the Midwest's
165
Pavements –Executive Summary – Iowa. Report CHTE 2001-02.
WisDOT Highway Research Study #94-07.
[9] Kuemmel, D. A., Robinson, R. K., Griffin, R. J., Sonntag, R. C., and
Giese, J. K. (2001), Public Perceptions of the Midwest's
Pavements –Executive Summary – Minnesota. Report CHTE
2001-02. WisDOT Highway Research Study #94-07.
[10] Kuemmel, D. A., Robinson, R. K., Griffin, R. J., Sonntag, R. C. and
Giese, J. K. (2001), Public Perceptions of the Midwest's
Pavements –Executive Summary – Wisconsin. Report
WI/SPR-01-01. WisDOT Highway Research Study #94- 07.
[11] Zaghloul, S. (1996)," Effect of Poor Workmanship and Lack of
Smoothness Testing on Pavement Life-Cycle Costs," Transportation
Research Record 1539 , pp.102~109.
[12] Staigle, R., Ksaibati, K., and Adkins, T. (1996) ," Smoothness
Effectiveness of Flexible Pavements," Transportation Research
Board 75th Annual Meeting (CD-ROM).
[13] Giammaria, P. F. (2004)," Nonstrictly-Ergodic Signals in Road
Roughness Analyses: A Theoretical and Experimental Study,"
DIMET Department of Mediterranean University of Reggio
Calabria.
[14] Prozzi, J. A. (2001), Modeling Pavement Performance By
Combining Field And Experimental Data, Ph. D Thesis, Civil and
Environment Engineering, University of California, Berkeley.
[15] ..................(2005), ......, ...................
[16] Smith, J. T. and Tighe, S. L. (2004)," Asessment of Overlay
166
Roughness in the LTPP: A Canadian Case Study," Transportation
Research Board 83th Annual Meeting (CD-ROM).
[17] Zaghloul, S., Gucunski, N., Maher, A. and Szary, P. (2001),"
Replcaement of Rolling Straightedge with Automated Profile Based
Devices," Final Report, FHWA NJ 2001-06.
[18] ......, ......(1995), ........................, ..........
...................., pp633~642.
[19] ......(1997), ................................, ........
.................................
[20] Summary of Pavement Smoothness Specifications in Canada and
Around the World, Technical Brief #16 (1999), Canadian Strategic
Highway Research Program.
[21] ..............(2004), ..................................
...................., .............
[22] ARRB..2005..: http://www.arrb.com.au/, viewed 10 July 2005.
[23] Sayers, M. W. and Karamihas, S. M. (1998), The Little Book of
Profiling-Basic Information about Measuring and Interpreting Road
Profiles, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
[24] Ksaibati, K. and Mahmood, S. A. (2002)," Utilizing the Long-Term
Pavement Performance Database in Evaluating the Effectiveness of
Pavement Smoothness," Department of Civil and Architectural
Engineering, The University of Wyoming.
[25] Choubane, B., McNamara, R. L. and Scott, S. G. (2001)," Ride
167
Acceptance Testing-Survey Of Current State Practices," Research
Report FL/DOT/SMO/01-453, Florida Department of
Transportation.
[26] .................... (2000), .........................
[27] ............................................(2003), ....
.......................
[28] Japan Road Association (1989), Manual for Asphalt Pavement,
Tokyo.
[29] ................(1987), ...........................
[30] Sayers, M. W., Gillespie, T. D., and Queiroz, C. A. V. (1986)," The
International Road Roughness Experiment: A Basis for Establishing
a Standard Scale for Road Roughness Measurement,"
Transportation Research Record 1084, Transportation Research
Board, National Research Council, Washington, D. C..
[31] Sayers, M. W., Thomas, D. G., and Cesar A. V. (1986)," The
International Road Roughness Experiment about Establishing
Correlation and a Calibration Standard for Measurements," World
Bank Technical Paper No.45.
[32] "Standard Practice for Computing International Roughness Index of
Roads from Longitudinal Profile Measurements," ASTM E1926
(1998).
[33] "Standard Practice for Computing International Roughness Index of
Roads from Longitudinal Profile Measurements," ASTM E1170
(1997).
168
[34] Sayers, M. W. and Karamihas, S. M. (1996)," Interpretation of Road
Roughness Profile Data," Final Report, Federal Highway
Administration DTFH 61-92-C00143.
[35] Sayers, M. W. (1995)," On the Calculation of International
Roughness Index from Longitudinal Road Profile," Transportation
Research Record 1501, Transportation Research Board, National
Research Council, Washington, D.C..
[36] Transportation Statistics Annual Report (1999), Bureau of
Transportation Statistics.
[37] ..........(1999), ....................................,..
...........
[38] Scholz, T. V. and Seeds, S. B. (2001)," Development of a Prototype
Performance-Related Specification for Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavement
Construction," Transportation Research Board 80th Annual Meeting
(CD-ROM).
[39] Shober, S. F., Whited, G. C. (2001), and McMullen, K. W.,
"Asphaltic Pavement Warranties Five-Year Progress Report,"
Wisconsin Departrment of Transportation Five-Year Progress
Report.
[40] Gallivan, V. L.,Huber, G. R., and Flora, W. F. (2004)," Benefits of
Warranties to Indiana," Transportation Research Board 2004 Annual
Meeting (CD-ROM).
[41] http://www.smoothroad.com/smoothness/, viewed 20 December
2006.
[42] Richard Koch (1999), The 80/20 Principle: The Secret to Success by
169
Achieving More with Less, Nicholas Brealey Publishing Ltd.,
Yarmouth.
[43] Weed, R. M. (2001)," Derivation of Equation for Cost of Premature
Pavement Failure," Transportation Research Record 1761, pp93~96.
[44] Buttlar, E. G. and Harrell, M. (1998)," Development of End-Result
and Performance-Related Specifications for Asphalt Pavement
Construction in Illinois," Transportation Research Record 1632,
pp195~302.
[45] Ozbay, K., Parker, N. A., Jawad, D. and Hussain, S. (2003),"
Guidelines for Life Cycle Cost Analysis," Final Report,
FHWA-NJ-2003-012.
[46] Federal Highway Administration(1996), U.S. Department of
Transportation, Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads
and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects, pp169~193.
[47] ......(1992),........................, ..................
............, .. 403~409 ...
[48] The Asphalt Institute(1975), Model Construction Specifications for
Asphalt Concrete and other Plant-Mix Types, pp17~25.
[49] ................(1989), ......, .........
[50] Federal Highway Administration (2001). 1999 Status of the Nation's
Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions and Performance Report.
Federal Highway Administration. Report FHWA-PL-08-017,
Washington D.C..
[51] Michigan Department of Transportation Special Provision for
Pavement Ride Quality (2004).
170
[52] Vedula, K., Miller, R., Hossain, M. and Cumberledge, G. (2003),"
Adaptability of AASHTO Provisional Standards for Condition
Surveys for Roughness and Faulting in Kansas," Proceeding of the
2003 Mid-Continent Transportation Research Symposium, Ames,
Iowa.
[53] Hudson, W. R. (1981)," Road Roughness: Its Elements and
Measurement," Transportation Research Record 836, pp.1~7.
[54] ..............(2003),....................................
................................, .............
[55] ......(2000),................................, ..........
.................
[56] McGhee, K. K. (2000)," Measuring Smoothness Virginia’s Asphalt
Overlays," Transportation Research Record 1712, pp.86~92.
[57] Fernando, E., and Bertrand, C. (2002),"Application of profile data to
detect localized roughness," Transportation Research Record
1813..pp.55~61.
[58] Choubane, B., McNamara, R. L., and Page, G. C. (2002)," Evaluation
of high-speed profilers for measurement of asphalt pavement
smoothness in Florida," Transportation Research Record 1813..
pp.62~67.
[59] ASTM (1995), Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart
Analysis, ASTM Manual Series MNL7.
[60]hhttp://www.thetranstecgroup.com/, viewed 10 December 2003.
[61] Annex to the A2LA Policy on Measurement Uncertainty For
171
Construction Materials and Geotechnical Testing Laboratories(2005)
http://www.a2la.org/, viewed 20 December 2006.
[62] .............. (2004), ..................................
...., ........, .........................
[63] "Standard Test Method for Measuring the Longitudinal Profile of
Traveled Surfaces with an Accelerometer Established Inertial
Profiling Reference," ASTM E950 (1998).
[64] "Standard Practice for Certification of Inertial Profiling Systems."
AASHTO MP 49-03 (2003).
[65] Benjamin, J. R. and Cornell, C. A. (1970), Probability, Statistics and
Pecision for Civil Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York.
[66] Haldar, A. and Mahadevan (2000), Probability, Reliability and
Statistical Methods in Engineering Design, John Wiley & Sons, New
York.
[67] ......(1997), ......(.., ..), ........, .....
[68] ......, ......(2001), ....................(....).., ......
...........
[69] Turki I. Al-Suleiman and Adnan M.S. Shiyab (2003)," Prediction of
Pavement Remaining Service Life Using Roughness Data—Case
Study in Dubai," The International Journal of Pavement Engineering,
Vol. 4 (2), pp. 121–129.
[70] ........................(2001), ......, ...........
[71]hhttp://mathbits.com/mathbits/TISection/Statistics2/correlation.htm,
viewed 10 Feburary 2008.
172
[72] "Standard Test Method for Using a Rolling Inclinometer to Measure
Longitudinal and Transverse Profiles of a Traveled Surface , "
ASTM E2133 (2003).