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研究生： 劉至軒
Liu, Chih-Hsuan
論文名稱： 次加勁材暨轉角效應於加勁擋土牆之數值分析研究
Numerical Analyses of Secondary Reinforcement and Turning Corner Effects on Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Walls
指導教授： 洪瀞
Hung, Ching
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 工學院 - 土木工程學系
Department of Civil Engineering
論文出版年： 2022
畢業學年度： 110
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 135
中文關鍵詞： 加勁擋土牆 、次加勁材 、地震反應 、轉角效應 、有限元素
外文關鍵詞： geosynthetic-reinforced retaining wall, secondary reinforcement, seismic response, turning corner effects, finite element analyses
相關次數： 點閱：86  下載：0 
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    • 本論文深究了當代加勁擋土牆設計指南及數值分析方法之相關問題，採取有限元素法分兩階段描述了：(一) 含次加勁材的加勁擋土牆於地震荷載作用下之二維動態行為反應﹔(二) 轉角效應對加勁擋土牆於工作應力條件下之三維行為反應。應用之二維以及三維有限元素法暨程序皆經過嚴謹的試驗場實驗或現地試驗驗證。
    第一階段：藉由模擬含次加勁材的現地加勁擋土牆和模塊地工合成加勁擋土牆振動台試驗，證實二維有限元素法具良好模擬現地以及振動台試驗結果後，再應用此模擬方法針對許多關鍵因子，如次加勁材長度和勁度、主要加勁材垂直間距、牆體高度，研究含次加勁材之加勁擋土牆於地震荷載作用下的動態行為反應。動態行為反應包含：相對側向牆面位移、主加勁連接力、最大軸力和放大效應等。在次加勁材的分析中獲得以下發現：(a) 當主加勁材為硬式網格時不同牆高和峰值地面加速度下的次加勁材長度和勁度對相對側向牆面位移和加速度放大效應的影響有限，但它們可以顯著的降低主加勁材的連接力和最大軸力；(b) 當主加勁材為硬式網格與增加次加勁材的勁度相比，增加次加勁材的長度對降低主加勁材的連接力和最大軸力更有效；(c) 當主加勁材為硬式網格當牆的高度越大，主加勁材的垂直間距越大和峰值地面加速度越小時，次加勁材的作用越明顯；(d) 次加勁材可以減緩放大效應。
    第二階段：三維有限元素模擬方法的驗證案例為加拿大皇家軍事學院所建立之全尺寸加勁擋土牆。藉由比對此經典案例，並獲得滿意的模擬與實驗對比結果後，本論文完整分析含轉角之加勁擋土牆於工作應力條件下的三維行為反應。三維行為反應包含：側向牆面位移、加勁材最大軸力、安全係數、潛在破壞面、牆面面板的垂直分離和轉角的種類。在轉角效應的分析中證實以下：(a) 最小側向牆面位移發生在轉角處；(b) 轉角處需要較低強度的加勁材；(c) 轉角越大，穩定性越低；(d) 在端壁較早形成潛在破壞面；(e) 在轉角處發現更深的潛在破壞面；(f) 在具有較小角度的牆上發現了更多的牆面面板垂直分離。
    藉由一系列完整的二維以及三維有限元素法驗證與模擬，本論文證實了次加勁材對加勁擋土牆在地震條件下之效益，特別是在減緩放大效應。在轉角效應方面，本論文明確指出三維分析可以反映所需的加勁材長度和潛在破壞面的不規則形成，唯牆面面板潛在的垂直分離數量與轉角有負相關。

    The study performs in-depth finite element analyses evaluating the seismic responses of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls with secondary reinforcement and the turning corner effects on the GRS walls. The numerical procedures were first verified through comparisons between the measured and simulated results from the tests. The validated numerical procedures were then utilized to investigate the influence of critical factors (e.g., secondary reinforcement length and stiffness, and turning corner angles) on the seismic responses of GRS walls with secondary reinforcement and the GRS walls with turning corners.
    For the GRS walls with secondary reinforcement, the results show (1) the length and stiffness of secondary reinforcement have insignificant influence on the acceleration amplification and relative lateral facing displacement and under various wall heights and PGAs, but they can significantly alleviate the maximum and connection loads in primary reinforcement; (2) to reduce the maximum and connection loads in primary reinforcement, increasing the length of secondary reinforcement is more effective; (3) the application of secondary reinforcement is more effective for higher wall, larger vertical spacing of primary reinforcement, and lower PGA.
    For the GRS walls with turning corner, the results show (1) the lateral displacement at the corner is the lowest; (2) the smaller reinforcement strength are needed at the corners; (3) lower stability occurs at higher corner angles; (4) deeper potential failure surface was developed at the corners; (5) more vertical separations are observed at wall with smaller angles.

    摘要 i Extended Abstract iv 致謝 xiii 目錄 xiv 表目錄 xvii 圖目錄 xviii 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究動機與目的 1 1.2 研究方法及內容 4 1.3 研究流程 5 第二章 文獻回顧 7 2.1 前言 7 2.2 GRS結構動態行為相關之研究 8 2.2.1 物理試驗 8 2.2.2 數值分析 12 2.3 次加勁擋土牆之研究 16 2.4 帶轉角之GRS結構物設計相關規範 18 2.5 帶轉角之結構物過去相關研究 22 第三章 有限元素法 25 3.1 PLAXIS程式簡介 25 3.2 GRS結構材料組成律模型介紹 26 3.2.1 線彈性模型 26 3.2.2 莫爾庫倫模型 27 3.2.3 土壤硬化模型 28 3.2.4 小應變土壤硬化模型 30 3.2.5 土工格網模型 33 3.3 界面元素 34 3.4 動力分析 35 3.4.1 動態行為之基本方程式 35 3.4.2 時間積分 36 3.4.3 動態邊界 37 第四章 有限元素分析可行性驗證 39 4.1 含次加勁材的現地GRS結構 39 4.1.1 案例簡介 39 4.1.2 數值模擬 41 4.1.3 數值分析結果與監測結果比較 45 4.2 模塊地工合成加勁擋土牆之大型振動台試驗 46 4.2.1 案例簡介 46 4.2.2 數值模擬 48 4.2.3 數值分析結果與監測結果比較 51 4.3 加拿大皇家軍事學院GRS結構(三維驗證) 54 4.3.1 案例簡介 54 4.3.2 數值模擬 55 4.3.3 數值分析結果與監測結果比較 58 第五章 含次加勁材之GRS結構動力特性分析 61 5.1 設計模型建立 61 5.2 地震力和邊界條件 62 5.3 模擬結果與討論 63 5.3.1 次加勁材長度之影響 63 5.3.2 次加勁材勁度之影響 73 5.3.3 牆高之影響 83 5.3.4 主加勁材垂直間距之影響 86 5.3.5 峰值加速度之影響 88 第六章 帶轉角之GRS結構的數值模擬 91 6.1 GRS結構建模幾何和邊界條件 91 6.2 材料模型和參數 98 6.3 階段施工 99 6.4 模擬結果與討論 100 6.4.1 側向牆面位移 100 6.4.2 加勁材軸力 106 6.4.3 安全係數 113 6.4.4 潛在破壞面 115 6.4.5 牆面板的潛在垂直分離 117 6.4.6 三種類型轉角之比較 120 第七章 結論與建議 126 7.1 結論 126 7.2 建議 128 參考文獻 129

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