神經回饋訓練(Neurofeedback training)是一種個體藉由聽/視覺的回饋，自主控制其腦波活動之訓練，其宗旨在於將訓練產生之效果轉移到更佳的認知功能及行為表現。然而，目前較少有研究在於探討神經回饋訓練應用於正常老化人士的認知功能退化之效果。過去許多研究指出Theta波(4-7 Hz)與不同的認知歷程有關，例如:注意力與工作記憶，且當個體執行相關之認知作業時，Theta波會提升。另一方面，隨著個體老化經常伴隨著認知功能的退化，且多數研究皆提到老化者擁有較異常的腦波分布，特別在Theta波的活動上。因此，本研究之目的在於針對Theta波之活動，探討藉由神經回饋訓練的介入是否對於正常老化人士在其腦波、注意力與工作記憶之功能上獲得改變與提升。此外，本研究亦對於年輕受試者之神經回饋訓練效果作探討。本實驗共招收十六位高齡人士與十六位年輕受試者，並依照年齡隨機分派至高齡神經回饋組(8人)、高齡隨機回饋組(8人)、年輕神經回饋組(8人)、以及年輕隨機回饋組(8人)。前測之結果顯示，高齡老化者在注意力網絡作業(Attention Network Test)之表現顯著低於年輕受試者。同樣地，在modified Sternberg再認記憶作業中，高齡老化者也擁有較差的記憶表現。就腦波之分析而言，高齡老化者於Theta波之活動量亦明顯低於年輕受試者。經過為期十二次的神經回饋訓練，神經回饋組(高齡、年輕神經回饋組)均能夠成功地提升Theta波的活動量。此外，高齡神經回饋組於後測，在注意力網絡作業中的導向性指標、執行功能指標以及在modified Sternberg再認記憶作業之正確率皆有所提升，而年輕回饋組在執行功能指標上獲得進步。此項結果顯示出透過神經回饋訓練，回饋組能夠成功地在腦波與認知作業表現上獲得顯著之進步，相反地，隨機組並無因為訓練而產生腦波及行為上之改變。本研究對於神經回饋訓練於老化人士之效果作探討。此外，本研究所採用之訓練方式對於調節腦波活動以及促進認知功能提升或許具有延緩老化之效用。

Neurofeedback training is to use audio-visual feedback to help an individual learn to alter her/his brainwave. The purpose is to transfer the brain training effects to better cognitive function or performance. Previous research has indicated a positive correlation between theta band activity and cognitive processes, such as attention and working memory. Aging is related to cognitive decline, and it has been reported that aging alters some resting EEG patterns, including theta band (4-7Hz) activity. Therefore, in the present study, we investigate the effectiveness of theta activity uptraining via neurofeedback training for normal older adults who show abnormal resting EEG and lower cognitive performance compared with young adults. In addition, we also test the effectiveness of the neurofeedback training protocol in young adults. Sixteen older and sixteen younger participants were recruited, and the participants within each age group were further randomly assigned to either the neurofeedback training group (NFT or the sham-feedback training group (SFT). In the pre-training phase, the present results show that relative to younger adults, older adults exhibited reduced performance in the Attention Network Test, and a decrease in accuracy in the modified Sternberg recognition task. A significant decrease in the resting theta band activity was also found in older adults. After twelve sessions of neurofeedback training, only the neurofeedback training groups (ONFT, YNFT) were able to enhance their theta activity successfully. Furthermore, the ONFT group exhibited significant improvements in the orienting and executive function, and yielded a significant improved accuracy in the recognition task. However, the YNFT group only showed a significant improvement in executive function. The present results suggested that both older and younger NFT groups, but not the sham-feedback groups, were able to benefit from neurofeedback training to improve their cognitive performance. The current findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying NFT in cognitive aging, and suggest that the training protocol may be an alternative way to recondition the abnormal EEG and enhance cognitive function in the elderly.

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