本研究使用簡易凸角模型模擬襟翼上表面，透過風洞實驗方法探討渦流產生器(vortex generators, VGs)在不同幾何形狀及高度等條件下對穿音速凸角流場影響與氣動力特性。本研究中採用之自由流馬赫數(M)為0.8及0.9；凸角模型偏轉角度(η)為13°及15°；3種樣式之VGs，包含counter-rotating vane (CRV VGs)、triangular vane (TRV VGs)及co-rotating vane (CoV VGs)；每種VGs之樣式皆包含4種高度，分別為h/δ (h*) = 0.2、0.5、1.0及1.5，其中h為VGs高度；δ為邊界層厚度。
研究中首先探討VGs高度對穿音速凸角流場特性之影響。當h* = 0.2時，其平均表面壓力分布與無VGs之結果相似。當h* ≥ 0.5時，凸角上游處平均壓力增加，代表VGs於上游處產生幾何阻力(geometry drag)；當h* ≥ 1.0時，整體平均表面壓力皆增加，代表除了凸角上游段產生幾何阻力外，亦減弱凸角下游段之擴張波強度。此現象隨著h*增加更加明顯。本研究採用的VGs皆可降低最大壓力擾動量，且其效應隨著VGs之高度增加而增加。此外VGs亦會降低邊界層分離長度及震波振盪頻率，其效應同樣隨高度增加而增加。
由VGs高度比較結果可得知當h* ≥ 1時，VGs會於凸角度上游造成額外的幾何阻力並減弱下游段的擴張波強度。因此選用h* ≤ 0.5進行VGs (又稱為micro VGs, MVGs)幾何因素對穿音速凸角流場的特性探討。由平均表面壓力分布結果可發現，在相同高度的條件下，不同幾何形狀MVGs的壓力分布結果相似。而由壓力擾動分布結果發現，CRV MVGs最能有效降低最大壓力擾動量；而TR VGs則影響效果最小。然而，比較邊界層分離長度之結果可發現，TR MVGs對於邊界層分離長度的降低具有較佳的效益；CoV MVGs的效益最低。而比較震波振盪頻率之結果可得知，CRV MVGs最能降低其頻率；TR MVGs對其影響則為相對較小。
由上述之結果可得知，本研究採用之VGs皆可有效降低最大壓力擾動量、流場分離長度及震波振盪頻率，惟當VGs高度之h* ≥ 1時會生成的額外幾何阻力並減弱擴張波的強度。因此若考量實務應用於穿音速流場之襟翼，VGs高度設計應優先考量h* ≤ 0.5之條件；而在幾何形狀的選用，可優先採用CRV VGs進行相關流場控制。

A convex-corner model can be used to simulate upper surface of a deflected flap. This study determines the effect of vortex generators on transonic convex-corner flow. The freestream Mach number was 0.83 and 0.89, while the deflection angle was 13° and 15°. Three types of vortex generators were used in this study, including counter rotating vane, triangular ramp and co-rotating vane. The ratio (h* = h/) of height (h) of VGs and boundary layer thickness (δ) ranges from 0.2 to 1.5.
This study firstly discussed the height effect of vortex generators on mean surface pressure distribution of transonic convex-corner flow. Vortex generators with h* = 0.2 on convex-corner model has a minor effect on mean surface pressure distribution, compared to a convex-corner model without the presence of vortex generators. For h* = 0.5, there is an increase in the mean surface pressure upstream of the convex corner which indicates an induced form drag. For h* ≥ 1.0, there is an overall increase in mean surface distribution. The greater height of VGs not only causes larger form drag upstream convex corner, but also reduces the strength of downstream expansion wave.
The presence of VGs reduces the amplitude of the maximum pressure fluctuations. An increase in the height of vortex generators introduce higher velocity (or momentum) near the wall, which energizes the boundary layer. There is a decrease in the amplitude of maximum pressure fluctuations decrease as the height of vortex generators increases. The effectiveness of vortex generators on the maximum pressure fluctuations also depends on the type of vortex generators. The counter-rotating-vane vortex generators show a greater reduction in the amplitude of maximum pressure fluctuations reduction because of induced three-dimensional vortical structure.
Oil flow visualization shows that the presence of vortex generators reduces separation length. An increase in the height of vortex generators results in a greater reduction in separation length, particularly for triangular-ramp vortex generator, and upstream movement for the onset of separation. Pressure-sensitive paint is used to visualize the global pressure pattern for the convex-corner with the presence of counter-rotating-vane vortex generators. The vortical structure sustains further downstream for higher freestream Mach number.
The presence of vortex generators alleviates shock oscillation. An increase in the height of vortex generators results in greater reduction in shock zero-crossing frequency, so is the Strohaul number. Considering the configuration of vortex generators, the counter-rotating-vane vortex generators show the most reduction in shock zero-crossing frequency and Strohaul number.

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