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研究生： 林勇恆
Pratama, Halim
論文名稱： 營建材料混凝土之水足跡
Water Footprint of Concrete As a Construction Material
指導教授： 張行道
Chang, Andrew S.
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 土木工程學系
Department of Civil Engineering
論文出版年： 2013
畢業學年度： 101
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 74
外文關鍵詞： water footprint, water use, concrete, construction material, sustainability reporting
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    • To come up with sustainable solutions to the world’s water related challenges, water footprint (WF) was proposed to track water consumption and pollution. WF indicators have been developed in agriculture. However, WF concept is still a new issue in the construction industry.
    This study investigated WF of concrete as a construction material. A WF model was developed to guide the concrete WF derivation. Manufacturing and construction stages were considered in WF accounting of concrete. Water use and WF information was obtained by reading the sustainability reports of 11 construction material companies. Operational WF was calculated based on design mix concrete as water use in mixing.
    The research results indicate that Holcim had the highest value of water withdrawn of 150 million m3/year, and CRH had the highest water recycled and reused as 77%. The WF of on-site mix concrete is 745 liters/m3, in which 62% refers to supply-chain WF (459 liters/m3) and the remaining 38% belongs to operational WF (286 liters/m3). Compared with on-site mix concrete, WFs of ready-mix concrete have small difference. Ready-mix concrete and on-site mix concrete have the same proportions of blue and grey WF of 58% and 42%. The blue and grey WF of cement are 327 liters/ton and 227 liters/ton, respectively. They are higher than aggregate’s blue WF (162 liters/ton) and grey WF (122 liters/ton).

    CHAPTER 1 INTRODUTION 1 1.1 Research Motivation 2 1.2 Research Objectives 3 1.3 Research Method and Process 3 1.4 Research Scope and Limitation 4 1.5 Thesis Structure 5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1 Life Cycle Assessment 6 2.1.2 Water Use in Life Cycle Assessment 8 2.2 Water Footprint 9 2.2.1 History of Footprint 9 2.2.2 Water Footprint Concept 10 2.2.3 Levels of Water Footprint Accounting 13 2.2.4 Linking of Water Footprint and Life Cycle Assessment 15 2.3 Water Use Reporting 15 2.3.1 Corporate Social Responsibility 16 2.3.2 Global Initiative Reporting 17 CHAPTER 3 WATER FOOTPRINT ACCOUNTING 20 3.1 Water Footprint Accounting Concept 20 3.1.1 Water Footprint Colors 20 3.1.2 Direct and Indirect Water Use 22 3.1.3 Supply-Chain and Operational Water Footprint 23 3.2 Water Footprint of a Product 25 3.2.1 Water-Use Terms and Water Footprint Units 25 3.2.2 Basic Calculation of Water Footprint 27 3.3 Water Footprint Studies from Non-Construction Products 29 3.3.1 Case of Soy Milk 30 CHAPTER 4 WATER FOOTPRINT MODEL AND DERIVATION FOR CONCRETE 35 4.1 Water Flow in Production System 35 4.1.1 Water Flow Diagram 35 4.1.2 Water Flow Balance 37 4.2 Concrete’s Manufacturing and Construction Process 38 4.2.1 Cement Manufacturing Process 38 4.2.2 Aggregate Manufacturing Process 40 4.2.3 Concrete Production 41 4.3 Water Footprint Model 42 4.3.1 Water Consumption Steps 43 4.3.2 Proposed Water Footprint Model 45 4.4 Derivation of Water Footprint of Concrete 46 4.4.1 Composition of Water Footprint of Concrete 47 4.4.2 Derivation and Assumption of Water Used 50 CHAPTER 5 WATER FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE 52 5.1 Water Footprint Reporting in Construction Companies 52 5.1.1 Water Use Reporting 53 5.1.2 Water Footprint Reporting 56 5.2 Water Footprint of Concrete 58 5.2.1 Water Footprint Accounting of Concrete 58 5.2.2 Limitation in Sustainability Reporting and Water Footprint 64 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 67 6.1 Conclusions 67 6.2 Research Contributions 69 6.3 Suggestions for Future Research 70 REFERENCES 71

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