果膠具有生物可降解、可吸收、低成本且具有良好的可撓性，目前已成功應用於多種電子元件，儘管如此，果膠元件的電性表現及穩定性仍有改善空間。本論文研究成果將建立在果膠材料既有的優勢，結合製程的調控，應用於記憶體和感測器。除了可有效解決電子廢棄物問題，同時開啟仿生元件、非接觸式資料寫入抹除和感測靈敏性等未來性。
首先在光記憶體的技術突破部分，由於傳統的高界電系數材料、鈣鈦礦或多層結構，僅能達成光輔助電寫入、光伏效應或半套光調變的光記憶體，本研究使用蘋果果膠結合氧化鎳奈米顆粒成功製作出可直接透過光，進行寫入和抹除之電阻式記憶體。此外，亦透過電流傳輸機制的分析，建立了三種主要的電流傳輸路徑類型：第一型，燈絲通道；第二型，陷阱輔助隧道和陷阱-解陷區域；第三型，混合通道。這些通道主要發生在果膠材料和氧化鎳奈米顆粒的界面處。此種光記憶體可將資料透過紫外光寫入，並透過綠光抹除，開關比可達到103、記憶保持力超過104秒以上、再現性可達9次以上。開啟光操作仿生元件之未來性。
接著，針對穿戴應用和可撓性基板結合天然材料進行探討。選用柑橘作為絕緣層，成功開發可撓性電阻式記憶體元件。通過空氣電漿處理氧化銦錫底電極，增加頂電極和底電極之間的功函數，從0.04 eV提升至0.34 eV。同時改善了元件的表面親水性，水滴角降至小於4°，這進一步提高柑橘溶液與氧化銦錫的附著性。經過電漿處理的元件，其開關比從101提升至103，工作電壓顯著下降至-0.76 V。電流穩定性的變異係數分別為HRS 38%、LRS 7%，並且記憶保持力達到104 秒以上。此外，元件可撓性測試中，在曲率半徑4.9 mm狀態下及彎曲超過1000次皆能維持開關比103。這顯示了其出色的可撓性能力，非常適合應用於穿戴式裝置。
最後，使用水熱法搭配蘋果果膠生物模板成功備製出氧化鋅奈米球，並將其應用於光感測器和氣體感測器。在製備過程中，蘋果果膠的羥基被成功應用於抑制氧化鋅的c軸生長，進而成功調變表面形貌，形成了具有單晶結構的氧化鋅奈米球。生物模板的缺陷工程中提升了氧空缺及碳元素的附著，增強了暗電流及空氣狀態下的材料表面空乏區。進一步增強了紫外光光暗電流比，達到了8×104。同時，我們成功實現了對痕量等級35 ppb二氧化氮的高靈敏度檢測，其響應達13.74%。值得一提的是，所有元件均在室溫環境下操作，顯示了其穩定性及實用性。
期待這些研究成果能夠激發生物性材料於電子元件及生醫領域的創新與發展。

Pectin, known for its biodegradability, absorbability, low cost, and exceptional flexiblility, has been successfully integrated into various electronic devices. Despite these advantages, challenges persist in attaining optimal electrical performance and stability. This dissertation focuses on harnessing pectin's inherent benefits through tailored processing techniques, applying these materials to memory devices and sensors. Addressing electronic waste concerns, this approach opens up possibilities such as biomimetic devices, non-contact data write and erasure, and enhanced sensor sensitivity.
In the initial phase, conventional high-k dielectric materials, perovskites, or multilayer structures only achieve light-assisted electrical writing, photovoltaic effects, or half-set light modulation in photonic RRAM. Our proposed a novel optoelectronic resistive switching memory element uses apple pectin combined with nickel oxide nanoparticles for the insulating layer. Analysis reveals three main transport mechanisms: Type I, filament only; Type II, trap-assisted tunneling and trap-detrap domain; Type III, hybrid path. These transmissions primarily occur at the interface between pectin material and nickel oxide nanoparticles. The data can be optically written with ultraviolet light and erased with green light, achieving an ON/OFF ratio of 103, retention exceeding 104 seconds, and reproducibility over 9 cycles, providing a solution for non-contact data storage technology.
Moving on to wearable applications and flexible substrates, we explore the combination of natural materials using citrus as an insulating layer, successfully developing a flexible RRAM device. By treating indium tin oxide bottom electrodes with air plasma, we increase the work function between the top and bottom electrodes from 0.04 eV to 0.34 eV. Simultaneously, we improve the device's surface hydrophilicity, reducing the water contact angle to less than 4°, further enhancing adhesion between citrus solution and indium tin oxide. The plasma-treated device shows an improved ON/OFF ratio from 101 to 103, a significantly reduced operating voltage of -0.76 V, and variation coefficients of HRS at 38% and LRS at 7%. The RRAM retention reaches over 104 seconds, and under flexible testing with a bending radius of 4.9 mm, the device maintains an ON/OFF ratio of 103 after bending over 1000 times, demonstrating excellent flexibility suitable for wearable devices.
Lastly, employing hydrothermal synthesis with apple pectin as a biotemplate, we successfully fabricate zinc oxide nanospheres for application in photodetectors and gas sensors. In the synthesis process, hydroxyl groups of apple pectin inhibit the c-axis growth of zinc oxide, successfully modulating surface morphology and forming single-crystal structured zinc oxide nanospheres. Defect engineering in the biotemplate enhances oxygen vacancies and carbon element attachment, improving dark current and surface depletion regions under ambient conditions. This further enhances the ultraviolet-to-dark current ratio, reaching 8 × 104. Simultaneously, we achieve high sensitivity detection for trace levels of 35 ppb nitrogen dioxide, with a response of 13.74%. Notably, all devices operate under room temperature conditions, demonstrating stability and practicality.
Anticipating that these research outcomes will inspire innovation and development of biomaterials in electronic devices and biomedical fields.

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