三維城市模型（3D City Model）或三維空間資訊系統（3D Spatial Information System）整合並提供各方面所需的三維空間資訊，可以廣泛應用在都市計畫、市政管理、不動產管理、交通規劃、機場航道規劃、無線基地台規劃、觀光導覽、國安維護等民生及專業用途。數十年來攝影測量一直被認為是最有效且精確的測繪技術，然而傳統以浮測標（Floating Mark）逐點量測的方式建置三維城市模型時，操作員需要專注於屋角點的量測及點位之連結，是三維空間資訊萃取的瓶頸。本研究採用模型式建物萃取法（Model-based Building Extraction），將傳統的浮測標擴充為浮測模型（Floating Model），使量測的單元不再是抽象的一個點位，而是許多種可伸縮、旋轉、移動的三維模型，期能以逐物件萃取的方式提升三維空間資訊之萃取效率。延伸浮測標量度的概念為浮測模型，即是將零維的浮測標拓展到三維實體，除了如同浮測標具備可調整的三維位置參數外，還依模型種類增加了各方向的伸縮尺度、空間旋轉等參數，可想像成一個漂浮在空間中，可移動、旋轉、縮放大小以量測地物的模型。將浮測模型投影至所有影像，並套合至影像上的目標地物，便有如回復攝影瞬間之幾何空間條件，此時之模型參數與影像外方位元素即為最佳解，此即以浮測模型萃取三維空間資訊之基本理論。本研究建置了點、線、面、立體四大類基本元件模型庫，量測員可以依需要選擇適當元件模型，在多張重疊像片上進行模型式的量度。並可依模型精細程度需求，以數個基本元件模型分部萃取，再透過布林運算規則組合為複合模型，因此能適用於萃取大多數的三維建物。以浮測模型為基礎，本研究提出一套半自動化萃取策略，操作員透過人機互動介面將模型一次套合至所有影像，再透過最小二乘模型-影像套合演算法自動計算最佳套合，以便在已知相片方位的條件下，利用浮測模型萃取地物的三維空間資訊，或在已知地物模型資訊的條件下利用模型求解相片的外方位元素。透過實驗案例證明，所提的浮測模型理論確可有效地應用於建物三維空間資訊之萃取，提高三維塑模之效率，並能達到傳統攝影測量之精度要求。

　3D city model or 3D spatial information system integrates 3D spatial information and thus can be applied to versatile applications such as urban planning, real estate managing, traffic evaluating, radio station locating, tourist guiding etc. Photogrammetry has been considered as the most efficient technique for extracting 3D spatial information in the last few decades. However, the operator has to measure the 3D coordinates of all points and connect the adjacent points in sequence. This point-by-point measurement of using floating mark has become the bottleneck while reconstructing the 3D city model. In this paper, we expanded the floating mark to the floating model based on the concept of model-based building extraction. The measuring tool is no longer only an abstract point but also many kinds of 3D model, which can be scaled, rotated, or moved in the space. The floating model is defined with a datum point whose 3D coordinates indicate the spatial position of the model as the floating mark does. Furthermore, each kind of models is associated with a set of pose parameters to describe its rotation about the three orthogonal axes and shape parameters to describe its scales along predefined directions. In other words, the floating model is a flexible entity floating in the space, and can be adjusted to fit the object by these parameters. If the model parameters are good enough to represent the 3D spatial information of the object, the projection of the floating model on every overlapped image will all be coincident to the object's image. Therefore, the basic idea of the floating model theory is to fit model to the overlapped images by adjusting the model parameters. In order to meet the needs of building reconstruction, we designed several primitive models and established a model-base that is composed of four kinds of models: point, line segment, surface, and solid. By means of human-computer interface, the operator is able to choose the most suitable model and measure the object on multiple images simultaneously. For the building with complicated structure, the extraction can be implemented following the Constructive Solid Geometry(CSG) according to the required level of details. The building can be split into several parts, modeled part-by-part, and finally joined into a complex model by Boolean Set Operators. Based on the floating model theory and model-based building extraction, we proposed a semi-automated extraction strategy. A friendly human-machine interface is designed for the operator to choose and adjust the floating model to fit the images manually. Then, the computer calculate the optimal fit by an ad hoc Least-Squares Model-Image Fitting(LSMIF) algorithm. Thus the 3D spatial information can be extracted object-by-object rather than point-by-point by means of floating model, which increases the efficiency and accuracy. Tested by a series of experiments on real aerial images, the proposed floating model has shown its capability and potential for 3D spatial information extraction.

Abdel-salam,　M.A.,　Gorte,　B.　and　Korstens,　M.J.,　2001.　Top　Down　
　approach　for　Object　Parameter　Estimation,　The　3rd　International
　Symposium　in　Mobile　Mapping　Technology,　Cairo,　Egypt,　Softcopy.
Ameri,　B.,　2000a.　Automatic　Recognition　and　3D　Reconstruction　of
　Buildings　through　Computer　Vision　and　Digital　Photogrammetry.　
　Doctor　Thesis,　University　of　Stuttgart,　Stuttgart,　Germany,　110
　pages.
Ameri,　B.,　2000b.　Feature　Based　Model　Verification　(FBMV):　A　New
　Concept　for　Hypothesis　Validation　in　Building　Reconstruction,
　The　XIXth　Congress　of　The　International　Society　for　Photogrammetry
　and　Remote　Sensing,　Amsterdam,　Netherlands,　pp.　24-35.
Baillard,　C.　and　Zisserman,　A.,　2000.　A　Plane-sweep　Strategy　for
　the　3d　Reconstruction　of　Buildings　from　Multiple　Images,
　International　Archives　of　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　XXXIII,
　part　B2,　pp.56-62.
Bignone,　F.,　Henricsson,　O.,　Fua,　P.　and　Strickler,　M.,　1996.
　Automatic　Extraction　of　Generic　House　Roofs　from　High　Resolution
　Aerial　Imagery,　The　4th　European　Conference　on　Computer　Vision,
　Cambridge,　UK,　pp.　85-96.
Böhm,　J.,　Brenner,　C.,　Gühring,　J.　and　Fritsch,　D.,　2000.　Automated
　Extraction　of　Features　from　CAD　Models　for　3D　Object　Recognition,
　The　XIXth　Congress　of　The　International　Society　for　Photogrammetry
　and　Remote　Sensing.　Amsterdam,　Netherlands,　pp.　76-83.
Braun,　C.,　Kolbe,　T.,　Lang,　F.,　Schickler,　W.,　Steinhage.,　V.,
　Cremers,　A.,　Förstner,　W.　and　Plümer　L.,　1995.　Models　for
　Photogrammetric　Building　Reconstruction,　Computers　&　Graphics,　19(1):
　109-118.
Brenner,　C.,　1999.　Interactive　Modelling　Tools　for　3D　Building
　Reconstruction,　In:　D.　Fritsch　and　R.　Spiller　(Editors),
　Photogrammetric　Week　'99.　Wichmann,　Stuttgart,　Germany,　pp.　23-34.
Brenner,　C.,　2000.　Towards　Fully　Automatic　Generation　of　City
　Models,　The　XIXth　Congress　of　The　International　Society　for
　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing.　Amsterdam,　Netherlands,　pp.85-92.
Brenner,　C.,　2001.　City　Models　-　Automation　in　Research　and
　Practice.　In:　D.　Fritsch　and　R.　Spiller　(Editors),　Photogrammetric
　Week　'01,　Stuttgart,　Germany,　pp.　149-158.
Brenner,　C.　and　Haala,　N.,　1999.　Towards　Virtual　Maps:　On　the
　Production　of　3D　City　Models.　GeoInformatics,　2(5):　10-13.
Brenner,　C.,　Haala,　N.　and　Fritsch,　D.,　2001.　Towards　Fully
　Automated　3D　City　Model　Generation.　In:　E.P.　Baltsavias,　A.　Grün
　and　L.　Van　Gool　(Editors),　The　3rd　International　Workshop　on
　Automatic　Extraction　of　Man-Made　Objects　from　Aerial　and　Space
　Images,　Balkema　Publishers,　Softcopy.
Buchanan,　T.,　1992.　Critical　Sets　for　3D　Reconstruction　Using　Lines.
　In:　G.　Sanini　(Editor),　Computers　Vision　-　ECCV,　Berlin,　Germany,
　pp.　730-738.
Byne,　J.H.M.　and　Anderson,　J.A.D.W.,　1998.　A　CAD-based　Computer
　Vision　System.　Image　and　Vision　Computing,　16(8):　533-539.
Camps,　O.,　Flynn,　P.J.　and　Stockman,　G.C.,　1998.　Recent　Progress　in
　CAD-based　Computer　Vision:　An　Introduction　to　the　Special　Issue.
　Computer　Vision　and　Image　Understanding,　69(3):　251-252.
Canny,　J.,　1986.　A　Computational　Approach　to　Edge　Detection.　IEEE
　Transactions　on　Pattern　Analysis　and　Machine　Intelligence,　PAMI-8(6):
　679-698.
Chapman,　D.P.,　Deacon,　A.T.D.,　Hamid,　A.A.　and　Kotowski,　R.,　1992.
　CAD　Modelling　of　Radioactive　Plant　-　The　Role　of　Digital
　Photogrammetry　in　Hazardous　Nuclear　Environments,　International
　Archives　of　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　XXIX,　Part　B5,
　pp.741-753.
Chio,　S.-H.,　2001.　A　Practical　Strategy　for　Roof　Patch　Extraction
　from　Urban　Stereo　Aerial　Images.　Doctoral　Dissertation,　National
　Cheng　Kung　University,　Tainan,　Taiwan,　97　pages.
Chio,　S.-H.　and　Wang,　S.-C.,　1999.　Semi-automatic　System　for　Roof
　Reconstruction　Based　on　3-D　Linear　Segments,　The　20th　Asian
　Conference　on　Remote　Sensing,　Hong　Kong,　pp.　165-170.
Das,　S.,　Bhanu,　B.　and　Ho,　C.-C.,　1994.　Generic　Object　Recognition
　Using　CAD-Based　Multiple　Representations,　IEEE　CAD-Based　Vision
　Workshop,　pp.　202-209.
El-Hakim,　S.,　2000.　A　Practical　Approach　to　Creating　Precise　and
　Detailed　3D　Models　from　Single　and　Multiple　Views,　The　XIXth
　Congress　of　The　International　Society　for　Photogrammetry　and　Remote
　Sensing,　Amsterdam,　Netherlands,　pp.　202-209.
EOS,　2005.　PhotoModeler.　EOS　Systems　Inc,　Vancouver,　Canada.
Ermes,　P.,　2000.　Constraints　in　CAD　Models　for　Reverse　Engineering
　Using　Photogrammetry,　The　XIXth　Congress　of　The　International
　Society　for　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　Amsterdam,
　Netherlands,　pp.　215-221.
Ermes,　P.　and　Van　den　Heuvel,　F.A.,　1998.　Measurement　of　Piping
　Installations　with　Digital　Photogrammetry,　ISPRS　Commission　V
　Symposium　on　"Real-time　Imaging　and　Dynamic　Analysis",　Hakodate,
　Japan,　pp.　217-220.
Ermes,　P.,　van　den　Heuvel,　F.A.　and　Vosselman,　G.,　1999.　A
　Photogrammetric　Measurement　Method　Using　CSG　Models,　IAPRS,　ISPRS
　Workshop　"Measurements　Project　Modeling　and　Documentation　in
　architecture　and　Industry",　pp.　36-42.
Fischer,　A.,　Kolbe,　T.H.　and　Lang,　F.,　1999.　On　The　Use　of
　Geometric　and　Semantic　Models　for　Component-based　Building
　Reconstruction.　In:　W.　Förstner,　C.-E.　Liedtke　and　J.　Bückner
　(Editors),　Smati　'99　Workshop,　Bonn,　pp.　101-119.
Förstner,　W.,　1994.　A　Framework　for　Low　Level　Feature　Extraction.
　In:　J.O.　Eklundh　(Editor),　Computer　Vision.　Springer-Verlag,
　Berlin,　pp.　383-394.
Förstner,　W.,　1999.　3D-City　Models:　Automatic　and　Semiautomatic
　Acquisition　Methods.　In:　D.　Fritsch　and　R.　Spiller　(Editors),
　Photogrammetric　Week　'99.　Wichmann,　Stuttgart,　pp.　291-304.
Förstner,　W.　and　Gülch,　E.,　1999.　Automatic　Orientation　and
　Recognition　in　Highly　Structured　Scenes.　ISPRS　Journal　of
　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　54:　23-34.
Forkert,　G.,　1996.　Image　Orientation　Exclusively　Based　on　Free-form
　Tie　Curves,　The　XVIIIth　Congress　of　The　International　Society　for
　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　Vienna,　Austria,　pp.　196-201.
Fritsch,　D.,　1999.　Virtual　Cities　and　Landscape　Models　-　What　Has
　Photogrammetry　to　Offer?　In:　D.　Fritsch　and　R.　Spiller　(Editors),
　Photogrammetric　Week　'99.　Wichmann　Verlag,　Stuttgart,　Germany,
　pp.3-14.
Fryer,　J.G.　and　Goodin,　D.J.,　1989.　In-Flight　Aerial　Camera
　Calibration　from　Photography　of　Linear　Features.　Photogrammetric
　Engineering　&　Remote　Sensing,　55(12):　1751-1754.
Fua,　P.,　and　Leclerc,　Y.,　1990.　Model　driven　Edge　Detection,
　Machine　Vision　and　Application,　3(1):　45-56.
Fuchs,　C.　and　Förstner,　W.,　1995.　Polymorphic　Grouping　for　Image
　Segmentation,　The　5th　ICCV'95.　IEEE　Computer　Society　Press,　Boston,
　pp.175-182.
Grün,　A.,　1997.　Automation　in　Building　Reconstruction,　Photogrammetric
　Week　'97.　Herbert　Wichmann　Verlag,　Stuttgart,　pp.　175-188.
Grün,　A.,　2000.　Semi-automated　Approaches　to　Site　Recording　and
　Modeling,　The　XIXth　Congress　of　The　International　Society　for
　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　Amsterdam,　Netherlands,
　pp.309-318.
Grün,　A.,　2001.　Cities　from　the　Sky　-　Photogrammetric　Modeling　of
　CyberCity　is　Coming　of　Age.　GeoInformatics,　4(10):　30-33.
Grün,　A.　and　Dan,　H.,　1997.　TOBAGO　-　A　Topology　Building　for　the
　Automated　Generation　of　Building　Models.　In:　A.　Grün,　E.P.
　Baltsavias　and　O.　Henricsson　(Editors),　Automatic　Extraction　of
　Man-Made　Objects　from　Aerial　and　Space　Images,　Monte　Verita,
　pp.149-160.
Grün,　A.,　Steidler,　F.　and　Wang,　X.,　2002.　Generation　and
　Visualization　of　3D-city　and　Facility　Models　Using　CyberCity
　Modeler,　Map　Asia,　Softcopy(CD-ROM).
Grün,　A.　and　Wang,　X.,　1999.　CyberCity　Modeler,　A　Tool　for
　Interactive　3-D　City　Model　Generation.　In:　D.　Fritsch　and　R.　Spiller
　(Editors),　Photogrammetric　Week　'99.　Wichmann　Verlag,　Stuttgart,
　pp.317-327.
Gülch,　E.,　1996.　Extraction　of　3D　Objects　from　Aerial　Photographs.
　Grant　50　TT　9536,　BMBF/DARA　GmbH,　Bonn.
Gülch,　E.,　1997.　Application　of　Semi-Automatic　Building　Acquisition.
　In:　A.　Grün,　E.P.　Baltsavias　and　O.　Henricsson　(Editors),
　Automatic　Extraction　of　Man-Made　Objects　from　Aerial　and　Space
　Images.　Birkhauser　Verlag,　Monte　Verita,　pp.　129-138.
Gülch,　E.,　2000.　Virtual　Cities　from　Digital　Imagery.　Photogrammetric
　Record,　16(96):　893-903.
Gülch,　E.,　Müller,　H.,　Läbe,　T.　and　Ragia,　L.,　1998.　On　The
　Performance　of　Semi-automatic　Building　Extraction,　ISPRS
　Commission　III　Symposium　on　Object　Recognition　and　Scene
　Classification　from　Multispectral　and　Multisensor　Pixels,　Columbus,
　Ohio,　USA,　Softcopy.
Haala,　N.,　1995.　3D　Building　Reconstruction　Using　Linear　Edge
　Segments.　In:　D.　Fritsch　and　D.　Hobbie　(Editors),　Photogrammetric
　Week　'95.　Herbert　Wichmann　Verlag,　Heidelberg,　Germany,　pp.　19-28.
Haala,　N.,　Böhm,　J.　and　Kada,　M.,　2002.　Processing　of　3D　Building
　Models　for　Location　Aware　Applications,　ISPRS　Commission　III
　Symposium,　Graz,　Austria,　pp.　138-143.
Haala,　N.　and　Brenner,　C.,　1997.　Interpretation　of　Urban　Surface
　Models　Using　2D　Building　Information.　In:　A.　Grün,　E.P.　Baltsavias
　and　O.　Henricsson　(Editors),　Automatic　Extraction　of　Man-Made
　Objects　from　Aerial　and　Space　Images.　Birkhauser　Verlag,　Monte
　Verita,　pp.　213-222.
Haala,　N.　and　Brenner,　C.,　1999.　Virtual　City　Models　from　Laser
　Altimeter　and　2D　Map　Data.　Photogrammetric　Engineering　&　Remote
　Sensing,　65(7):　787-795.
Haala,　N.,　Brenner,　C.　and　Anders,　K.-H.,　1998a.　3D　Urban　GIS
　from　Laser　Altimeter　and　2D　Map　Data.　In:　T.　Schenk　and　A.F.
　Habib　(Editors),　ISPRS　Commission　III　Symposium　on　Object
　Recognition　and　Scene　Classification　from　Multispectral　and
　Multisensor　Pixels,　Columbus,　Ohio,　USA,　pp.　339-346.
Haala,　N.,　Brenner,　C.　and　Staetter,　C.,　1998b.　An　Integrated　System
　for　Urban　Model　Generation,　ISPRS　Congress　Commission　II　Symposium,
　Cambridge,　UK,　pp.　96-103.
Haala,　N.　and　Hahn,　M.,　1995.　Data　Fusion　for　the　Detection　and
　Reconstruction　of　Buildings.　In:　A.　Grün,　O.　Kübler　and　P.　Agouris
　(Editors),　Automatic　Extraction　of　Man-Made　Objects　from　Aerial　and
　Space　Images.　Birkhäuser　Verlag,　Berlin,　pp.　211-220.
Haralick,　R.M.　and　Cho,　Y.H.,　1984.　Solving　Camera　Parameters　from
　the　Perspective　Projection　of　a　Parameterized　Curve.　Pattern
　Recognition,　17(6):　637-645.
Hendrickx,　M.,　Vandekerckhove,　J.,　Frere,　D.,　Moons,　T.　and　van　Gool,
　L.,　1997.　3D　Reconstruction　of　House　Roofs　from　Multiple　Aerial
　Images　of　Urban　Areas,　International　Archives　of　Photogrammetry　and
　Remote　Sensing.　ISPRS,　Columbus,　Ohio,　USA,　pp.　88-94.
Henricsson,　O.,　1996.　Analysis　of　Image　Structures　using　Color
　Attributes　and　Similarity　Relations,　Swiss　Federal　Institute　of
　Technology　(ETH),　Zurich,　124　pages.
Henricsson,　O.,　Bignone,　F.,　Willuhn,　W.,　Ade,　F.,　Kübler,　O.,
　Baltsavias,　E.,　Mason,　S.　and　Grün,　A.,　1996.　Project　Amobe:
　Strategies,　Current　Status,　and　Future　Work,　The　XVIIIth　Congress
　of　The　International　Society　for　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,
　Vienna,　Austria,　pp.　321-330.
Heuel,　S.　and　Förstner,　W.,　2001.　Matching,　Reconstructing　and
　Grouping　3D　Lines　from　Multiple　Views　Using　Uncertain　Projective
　Geometry,　IEEE　Computer　Society　Conference　on　Computer　Vision　and
　Pattern　Recognition,　Hawaii,　USA,　pp.　1-8.
Holland,　J.　H.,　1973.　Genetic　Algorithms　and　the　Optimal
　Allocations　of　Trials.　SIAM　Journal　of　Computing,　2(2):　88-105.
Hrabacek,　J.　and　van　den　Heuvel,　F.A.,　2000.　Weighted　Geometric
　Objects　Constraints　Integrated　in　a　Line-Photogrammetric　Bundle
　Adjustment,　The　XIXth　Congress　of　The　International　Society　for
　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　Amsterdam,　Netherlands,
　pp.380-387.
Hsiao,　H.-W.　and　Wong,　K.W.,　1999.　Automatic　Matching　of
　Buildings　and　Corners.　Photogrammetric　Engineering　&　Remote
　Sensing,　65(7):　803-810.
Jaw,　J.J.,　1998.　Simultaneous　Determination　of　Exterior
　Orientation　and　Terrain　Surface　from　Aerial　Imagery　and
　Airborne　Laser　Scanning,　International　Archives　of
　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　XXXII,　Columbus,　Ohio,
　USA,　pp.52-57.
Kada,　M.,　2002.　Automatic　Generalisation　of　3D　Building　Models,
　Proceedings　of　the　Joint　International　Symposium　on　Geospatial
　Theory,　Processing　and　Applications,　Ottawa,　Canada,　Softcopy.
Läbe,　T.　and　Gülch,　E.,　1998.　Robust　Techniques　for　Estimating
　Parameters　of　3D　Building　Primitives,　ISPRS　Commission　II
　Symposium,　Cambridge,　UK,　pp.169-176.
Lang,　F.　and　Förstner,　W.,　1996.　3D-City　Modeling　with　a　Digital
　One-eye　Stereo　System,　International　Archives　of　Photogrammetry　and
　Remote　Sensing,　Vienna,　Austria,　pp.　415-420.
Lang,　F.,　Löcherbach,　T.　and　Schickler,　W.,　1995.　A　One-eye　Stereo
　System　for　Semi-automatic　3D-building　Extraction.　Geomatics　Info
　Magazine:　1-4.
Lee,　S.H.　and　Leou,　J.J.,　1994.　A　Dynamic　Programming　Approach
　to　Line　Segment　Matching　in　Stereo　Vision.　Pattern　Recognition,
　27(8):　961-986.
Li,　D.　and　Zhou,　G.,　1994.　CAD-based　Line　Photogrammetry　for
　Automatic　Measurement　and　Reconstruction　of　Industrial　Objects,
　ISPRS　Commission　V　Symposium　on　Close　Range　Techniques　and
　Machine.　RICS　Books,　Melbourne,　Australia,　pp.　231-240.
Liu,　Y.　and　Huang,　T.S.,　1991.　Determining　Straight
　Line　Correspondences　from　Intensity　Images.　Pattern　Recognition,
　24(6):　489-504.
Lowe,　D.G.,　1991.　Fitting　Parameterized　Three-Dimensional　Models　to
　Images.　IEEE　Transactions　on　Pattern　Analysis　and　Machine
　Intelligence,　13(5):　441-450.
Maas,　H.-G.,　1999.　Fast　Determination　of　Parametric　House　Models　from
　Dense　Airborne　Laserscanner　Data,　ISPRS　Workshop　on　Mobile　Mapping
　Technology,　Bangkok,　Thailand,　pp.　1-6.
McIntosh,　J.H.　and　Mutch,　K.M.,　1988.　Matching　Straight　Lines.
　Computer　Graphics　and　Image　Processing(43):　386-408.
Medioni,　G.　and　Nevatia,　R.,　1984.　Matching　Images　Using　Linear
　Features.　IEEE　Transactions　on　Pattern　Analysis　and　Machine
　Intelligence,　6(6):　675-685.
Mohan,　R.　and　Nevatia,　R.,　1989.　Using　Perceptual　Organization　to
　Extract　3-D　Structures.　IEEE　Transactions　on　Pattern　Analysis　and
　Machine　Intelligence,　11(11):　1121-1139.
Mulawa,　D.C.　and　Mikhail,　E.M.,　1988.　Photogrammetric　Treatment　of
　Linear　Features,　International　Archives　of　Photogrammetry　and　Remote
　Sensing,　Washington　DC,　USA,　pp.　383-393.
Niederöst,　M.,　2000.　Detection　and　Reconstruction　of　Buildings　for　A
　3-D　Landscape　Model　of　Switzerland,　UM3/2000　Workshop,　Tokyo,　Japan,
　Softcopy.
Noronha,　S.　and　Nevatia,　R.,　1997.　Detection　and　Description　of
　Buildings　from　Multiple　Aerial　Images.,　IEEE　Conference　on　Computer
　Vision　and　Pattern　Recognition,　Puerto　Rico,　pp.　588-594.
Park,　H.J.　and　Zimmermann,　P.,　2000.　Colour　Image　Matching　for　DTM
　Generation　And　House　Extraction,　International　Archives　of　Photogrammetry
　and　Remote　Sensing,　Amsterdam,　Netherlands,　XXXIII,　pp.697-704.
Petsa,　E.　and　Patias,　P.,　1994a.　Formulation　and　assessment　of
　straight　line-based　algorithms　for　digital　photogrammetry.
　International　Archives　of　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,
　30(5):　310-317.
Petsa,　E.　and　Patias,　P.,　1994b.　Sensor　Attitude　Determination　Using
　Linear　Features.　International　Archives　of　Photogrammetry　and　Remote
　Sensing,　30(1):　62-70.
Rau,　J.-Y.,　2002.　Geometrical　Building　Modeling　and　Its　Application　to
　the　Ortho-rectification　for　Aerial　Images.　Doctoral　Dissertation,
　National　Central　University,　Chungli,　Taiwan,　104　pages.
Rau,　J.-Y.　and　Chen,　L.-C.,　2001.　Semi-Automatic　Approach　for
　Building　Reconstruction　Using　SPLIT-MERGE-SHAPE　Method,　Proceedings
　of　the　22nd　Asian　Conference　on　Remote　Sensing.　Singapore,
　pp.249-255.
Rottensteiner,　F.,　2000.　Semi-Automatic　Building　Reconstruction
　Integrated　in　Strict　Bundle　Block　Adjustment,　International
　Archives　of　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing　Amsterdam,
　Netherlands,　XXXIII,　pp.461-468.
Schindler,　K.　and　Bauer,　J.,　2003.　A　Model-Based　Method　For　Building
　Reconstruction,　ICCV　Workshop　on　Higher-Level　Knowledge　in　3D
　Modeling　and　Motion,　Nice,　France,　Softcopy(CD-ROM).
Schwermann,　R.,　1994.　Automatic　image　orientation　and　object
　reconstruction　using　straight　lines　in　close-　range　photogrammetry.
　International　Archives　of　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　30(5):
　349-356.
Sequeira,　V.,　Ng,　K.,　Wolfart,　E.,　Goncalves,　J.G.M.　and　Hogg,　D.,
　1999.　Automated　Reconstruction　of　3D　Models　from　Real　Enviroments.
　ISPRS　Journal　of　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing(54):　1-22.
Sester,　M.　and　Förstner,　W.,　1989.　Object　Location　Based　on　Uncertain
　Models,　Mustererkennung　1989,　Informatik　Fachberichte　219,
　Springer-Verlag,　pp.　457-464.
ShapeQuest,　2005.　ShapeCapture.　ShapeQuest　Inc.,　USA.
Shufelt,　J.A.,　1999.　Performance　Evaluation　and　Analysis　of　Monocular
　Building　Extraction　From　Aerial　Imagery.　IEEE　Transactions　on
　Geoscience　and　Remote　Sensing,　21(4):　311-326.
Smith,　M.J.　and　Park,　D.W.G.,　2000.　Absolute　and　Exterior　Orientation
　Using　Linear　Features,　The　XIXth　Congress　of　The　International
　Society　for　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　Amsterdam,
　Netherlands,　pp.850-857.
Suveg,　I.　and　Vosselman,　G.,　2000a.　3D　Reconstruction　of
　Building　Models,　The　XIXth　Congress　of　The　International
　Society　for　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　Amsterdam,
　Netherlands,　pp.　538-545.
Suveg,　I.　and　Vosselman,　G.,　2000b.　Localization　of　Building
　Corners　in　Aerial　Images,　The　6th　Conference　of　ASCI,　Lommel,
　Belgium,　pp.294-301.
Tangelder,　J.W.H.,　Ermes,　P.,　Vosselman,　G.　and　van　den　Heuvel,
　F.A.,　1999.　Fitting　Parameterised　Object　Models　to　Gradient
　Images,　The　5th　Annual　Conference　of　ASCI,　Heijden,
　Netherlands,　pp.　449-456.
Tao,　C.V.,　2000.　Semi-Automated　Object　Measurement　Using　Multiple-Image
　Matching　from　Mobile　Mapping　Image　Sequences.　Photogrammetric
　Engineering　&　Remote　Sensing,　66(12):　1477-1485.
Tseng,　Y.-H.,　Lin,　C.-C.　and　Wang,　S.,　2002.　Model-image　Fitting
　Using　Genetic　Algorithms　for　Building　Extraction　from　Aerial
　Images,　The　23rd　Asian　Conference　on　Remote　Sensing,　Kathmandu,
　Nepal,　Softcopy(CD-ROM).
Tseng,　Y.-H.　and　Wang,　S.,　2000.　CAD-Based　Photogrammetry　for　3D　City
　Model　Reconstruction,　The　Congress　of　The　Chinese　Geographic
　Information　System　Society,　Tainan,　Taiwan,　R.O.C.,　pp.　40-48.
Tseng,　Y.-H.　and　Wang,　S.,　2001.　Semi-automatic　Building　Extraction
　by　Matching　CSG　Primitives　with　Aerial　Images,　The　Asia　GIS
　2001,　Tokyo,　Japan,　Softcopy(CD-ROM).
Tseng,　Y.-H.　and　Wang,　S.,　2002.　Model-based　3D　Reconstruction　of
　Buildings　from　Multiple　Aerial　Images.　Geographic　Information
　Sciences,　8(1):　16-23.
Tseng,　Y.-H.　and　Wang,　S.,　2003.　Semiautomated　Building　Extraction
　Based　on　CSG　Model-Image　Fitting.　Photogrammetric　Engineering　&
　Remote　Sensing,　69(2):　171-180.
van　den　Heuvel,　F.A.,　1997a.　Efficient　3D-Modeling　of　Buildings
　Using　a　Priori　Geometric　Object　Information.　In:　S.F.　El-Hakim
　(Editor),　SPIE,　pp.38-49.
van　den　Heuvel,　F.A.,　1997b.　Exterior　Orientation　Using　Coplanar
　Parallel　Lines,　The　10th　Scandinavian　Conference　on　Image
　Analysis,　Lappeenranta,　Finland,　pp.　71-78.
van　den　Heuvel,　F.A.,　1998.　3D　Reconstruction　from　a　Single
　Image　Using　Geometric　Constraints.　ISPRS　Journal　of　Photogrammetry
　and　Remote　Sensing,　53(6):　354-368.
van　den　Heuvel,　F.A.,　1999a.　Estimation　of　Interior　Orientation
　Parameters　from　Constraints　on　Line　Measurements　in　a　Single
　Image,　IAPRS,　ISPRS　Workshop　"Measurements　Project　Modeling　and
　Documentation　in　Architecture　and　Industry",　pp.　81-88.
van　den　Heuvel,　F.A.,　1999b.　A　Line-Photogrammetric　Mathematical
　Model　for　the　Reconstruction　of　Polyhedral　Objects.　In:　S.F.
　El-Hakim　(Editor),　SPIE,　pp.60-71.
van　den　Heuvel,　F.A.,　2000.　Trends　in　CAD-based　Photogrammetric
　Measurement,　The　XIXth　Congress　of　The　International　Society　for
　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　Amsterdam,　Netherlands,
　pp.852-863.
Veldhuis,　H.,　1998.　Performance　Analysis　of　Two　Fitting　Algorithms　for
　the　Measurement　of　Parameterised　Objects,　International　Archives　of
　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　Columbus,　Ohio,　USA,　pp.　400-406.
Veldhuis,　H.　and　Vosselman,　G.,　1998.　The　3D　Reconstruction　of
　Straight　and　Curved　Pipes　Using　Digital　Line　Photogrammetry.
　ISPRS　Journal　of　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　53(1):　6-16.
Vosselman,　G.　and　Haralick,　R.M.,　1996.　Performance　Analysis　of
　Line　and　Circle　Fitting　in　Digital　Images,　The　Workshop　on
　Performance　Characteristics　of　Vision　Algorithms,　Cambridge,　UK,
　pp.1-24.
Vosselman,　G.,　1998.　Interactive　Alignment　of　Parameterised　Object
　Models　to　Images,　International　Archives　of　Photogrammetry　and
　Remote　Sensing,　Columbus,　Ohio,　USA,　pp.　272-278.
Vosselman,　G.,　1999.　3D　Measurements　in　Images　Using　CAD　Models,
　The　5th　Annual　Conference　of　ASCI,　Heijden,　Netherlands,
　pp.449-456.
Vosselman,　G.　and　Veldhuis,　H.,　1999.　Mapping　by　Dragging　and
　Fitting　of　Wire-Frame　Models.　Photogrammetric　Engineering　&
　Remote　Sensing,　65(7):　769-776.
Vosselman,　G.　and　Tangelder,　J.W.H.,　2000.　3D　Reconstruction　of
　Industrial　Installations　by　Constrained　Fitting　of　CAD　Models
　to　Images,　Mustererkennung　2000.　Informatik　Aktuell.　Springer
　Verlag,　pp.　285-292.
Wang,　S.　and　Tseng,　Y.-H.,　2001.　On　the　Accuracy　Assessment　of
　Least-Squares　Model-image　Fitting　for　Building　Extraction　from　Aerial
　Images,　The　22nd　　Asian　Conference　on　Remote　Sensing,　Singapore,
　pp.1085-1090.
Wang,　S.　and　Tseng,　Y.-H.,　2002.　Image　Orientation　by　Fitting　Line
　Segments　to　Edge　Pixels,　The　23rd　Asian　Conference　on　Remote
　Sensing,　Kathmandu,　Nepal,　Softcopy(CD-ROM).
Wang,　S.　and　Tseng,　Y.-H.,　2004a.　Least-squares　Model-image
　Fitting　for　Building　Extraction　from　Aerial　Images.　Asian　Journal
　of　Geoinformatics,　4(4):　3-12.
Wang,　S.　and　Tseng,　Y.-H.,　2004b.　Semi-automated　CSG　Model-based
　Building　Extraction　from　Photogrammetric　Images,　International
　Archives　of　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　Istanbul,　Turkey,
　Softcopy(DVD-ROM).
Weinhaus,　F.M.　and　Devarajan,　V.,　1997.　Texture　Mapping　3D　Models　of
　Real-world　Scenes.　ACM　Computing　Surveys,　29(4):　325-365.
Zalmanson,　G.H.,　2000.　Hierarchical　Recovery　of　Exterior
　Orientation　from　Parametric　and　Natural　3-D　Curves,　The　XIXth
　Congress　of　the　International　Society　for　Photogrammetry　and
　Remote　Sensing,　Amsterdam,　Netherlands,　pp.　610-617.
Zhang,　Z.　and　Faugeras,　O.D.　(Editors),　1992.　Finding　Clusters
　and　Planes　from　3D　Line　Segments　with　Application　to　3D　Motion
　Determination.　Lecture　Notes　in　Computer　Science,　pp.　227-236.
Zhou,　G.　and　Li,　D.,　2001.　CAD-Based　Object　Reconstruction　Using　Line
　Photogrammetry　for　Direct　Interaction　between　GEMS　and　a
　Vision　System.　Photogrammetric　Engineering　&　Remote　Sensing,
　67(1):　107-116.
Zielinski,　H.,　1992.　Line　photogrammetry　with　multiple　image.
　International　Archives　of　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,
　29(3):　669-676.
Zimmermann,　P.,　2000.　A　New　Framework　for　Automatic　Building
　Detection　Analysing　Multiple　Cue　Data,　International　Archives　of
　Photogrammetry　and　Remote　Sensing,　Amsterdam,　Netherlands,　XXXIII,
　pp.1063-1070.
王正忠,　2002.　以近景攝影測量進行模型式建物重建.　碩士論文,　國立成功大學,
　台南市,　93頁.
周宏達,　2001.　以最小二乘法進行參數式模型與影像之最佳套合.　碩士論文,　國
　立成功大學,　台南市,　172頁.
周宏達,　曾義星及王聖鐸,　2001.　最小二乘CSG模型與影像套合.　航測及遙測學
　刊,　6(3):　57-73.
林文棋,　2001.　半自動化建物萃取之建物模型建置與操作.　碩士論文,　國立成功
　大學,　台南市,　114頁.
林文棋,　曾義星及王聖鐸,　2001.　半自動化建物萃取之建物模型建置與操作.　航
　測及遙測學刊,　6(3):　35-55.
林志交,　2002.　基因演算法於模型影像套合計算之應用.　碩士論文,　國立成功大
　學,　台南市,　107頁.
黃文利,　2001.　近景攝影測量應用於三維建物模型側面影像敷貼之研究.　碩士論
　文,　國立成功大學,　台南市,　97頁.
傅秉綱,　2002.　三維建物模型表面影像敷貼自動化之研究.　碩士論文,　國立成功
　大學,　台南市,　83頁.
傅秉綱,　曾義星及王聖鐸,　2002.　三維建物模型表面敷貼自動化之研究,　第二十
　一屆測量學術及應用研討會論文集,　新竹,　pp.　75-82.
曾義星及王聖鐸,　2000.　結合CAD與攝影測量之三維城市模型建置,　2000年中華地
　理資訊學會學術研討會,　台南,　pp.　40-48.
劉彥秀,　2003.　最小二乘模型與影像套合之後續探討.　碩士論文,　國立成功大學,
　台南市,146頁.