人口老化是世界各國共同面臨的議題，根據行政院的人口推估報告顯示，台灣將會以很快的速度進入超高齡社會，為因應此問題，政府、醫療單位及許多民間團體都開始積極投入於高齡照護與福利措施，然而，老化包含了生理層面及心智層面，除了身體功能的維持之外，認知功能是否健全也是決定高齡者在晚年是否能擁有高生活品質的重要因素之一。
過去的研究指出，高齡者的工作記憶、處理速度、長期記憶、字詞提取都會因老化而衰退(Park & Reuter-Lorenz, 2009；White & Abrams, 2002)，而認知訓練可以改善衰退的情形(Ball et al., 2002)，字詞提取功能的退化使高齡者在日常生活中會經常發生「舌尖現象」，「舌尖現象」是指某個特定的字詞到了嘴邊卻突然說不出來的狀況，隨之而來的負面感受使高齡者對此現象產生抱怨，但是過去卻很少有針對字詞提取功能而設計的訓練，因此本研究希望瞭解，字詞提取功能是否也能夠像其他認知功能一樣，透過訓練的方式來延緩衰退，降低舌尖現象發生率。
本研究招募60位平均年齡67歲的老年人為實驗的受試者，以一般知識題做為字詞提取練習的材料，一般知識題具有高舌尖現象誘發率(14%)，當受試者發生舌尖現象時，主試者會給予提示引導受試者回憶出正確答案解決舌尖現象，提示類型參考與舌尖現象發生歷程相近的命名困難症的治療方式(Nickels & Best, 1996)為本實驗的獨變項，有「語音提示」、「語意提示」及「不提示」三組，並且以圖片命名測驗做為前、後測，也是本訓練近程轉換效果的參考指標。預期受試者完成訓練後，舌尖現象的發生率降低，語音提示及語意提示皆可幫助提升舌尖現象的解決率，且圖片命名表現進步。
由本研究的實驗結果顯示，三組受試者的舌尖現象發生率都有隨著訓練階段而降低的趨勢，但是只有語音提示可以有效幫助提升解決率，而圖片命名表現在訓練後也有顯著的進步，表示此訓練可以幫助高齡者提升字詞提取功能，且有近程轉換的效果。

Population aging is an important global issue of nowadays. According to the population projection data from Executive Yuan, Taiwan is stepping into super aged society in 2025. In response to this problem , government、medical industry and many civic groups have begun actively involved in senior care and welfare measures. However , aging include not only physiological but also mental aspect , in addition to the body functions , the soundness of cognitive function is a key factor to determining whether the elderly have a high quality life or not.
Previous studies indicates that working memory, processing speed, long- term memory, and word retrieval function will decline with aging(Park & Reuter -Lorenz,2009；White& Abrams, 2002). Some studies shows that cognitive training can improve these decline situation (Ball et al., 2006), but there are very few training tasks designed for word retrieval function. Elders experience more “tip of the tongue “states(TOTs) caused by decline of word retrieval function. The TOTs is a failure to retrieve a word from memory, and it’s often followed by negative emotions (frustration, imminent) so that elders have complained about this phenomenon. Therefore, this study is to understand that if the word retrieval function could be improved by training, such as working memory or processing speed.
This study recruited 60 elders as experimental participants, the average of age is 67 years old. The training material is general knowledge questions for induce TOTs, 14% of the induce rate from pilot study. When subjects report they’re in TOTs, experimenter will give them some information related to the answer as the cue. Refer to the treatments of Anomia, there are three cue types：phonological related, semantic related, and no related cue (Nickels & Best, 1996), participants divided into three groups according to cue types. Picture naming tasks as pre-test and post-test. The predictions of this study are：1. The TOTs incidence become lower, resolved rate become higher after training. 2. Post-test performance will better than pre-test.
The result from this study shows that the incidence of TOTs decreased with training sessions, only phonological related information could help subjects recall target answers to overcome TOTs. Picture naming performance also improved after training.

中文部分
徐慧娟。2003。成功老化：老年健康的正向觀點。社區發展103，252-260。(NSC 92-2320-B-468-001)
行政院經濟建設委員會(民 99)。2010年至2060年臺灣人口推計。編號：(99)033.805。台北市：行政院經濟建設委員會。
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研討會部分
林萬億(2008,5月)。台灣的人口變遷與因應對策。發表於新世紀社會保障制度的建構與創新－跨時的變遷與跨國的比較研討會。嘉義：中正大學。
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