| 研究生: |
游惇蓉 You, Dun-Rong |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
過氧化氫在光催化系統下對魚腥藻之破壞及其代謝物釋出降解之研究 Exposure of a Cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis to Hydrogen Peroxide under Light Conditions: Cell Lysis, Geosmin Degradation, and Kinetic Modeling |
| 指導教授: |
林財富
Lin, Tsair-Fuh |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
工學院 - 環境工程學系 Department of Environmental Engineering |
| 論文出版年: | 2014 |
| 畢業學年度: | 102 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 100 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 魚腥藻 、UV/H2O2 、Chick–Watson model 、geosmin濃度模擬 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Anabaena circinalis, UV/H2O2, Chick–Watson model, prediction of geosmin concentration |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:112 下載:3 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究主要探討水源中常見的藍綠菌在過氧化氫/光系統下,細胞破損的程度及其胞內代謝物釋出之相關性,所選擇的藍綠菌為產高濃度geosmin能力的魚腥藻(Anabaena circinalis)。實驗以兩種不同光源(紫外燈/高壓汞燈)催化過氧化氫生成氫氧自由基,於固定魚腥藻細胞濃度條件下進行反應。
研究中以探針化合物pCBA(4-Chlorobenzoic acid)間接量測氫氧自由基濃度,以細胞完整性來代表魚腥藻細胞受破壞的程度,其中以螢光染劑SYTOX(SYTOX Green nucleic acid stain)搭配流式細胞儀 (flow cytometer, FCM)及顯微鏡(microscope)此兩種儀器偵測其細胞完整程度。在代謝物分析部分,研究中以geomin 作為魚腥藻主要之代謝物,並應用固相微萃取法(solid phase micro-extraction, SPME)搭配氣相層析質譜儀(gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry detector, GC/MSD)對此臭味物質進行分析。
研究結果發現光源、光照強度、過氧化氫及氫氧自由基皆為影響細胞破裂及代謝物釋出之因素。在光源照射及過氧化氫分別作用下,魚腥藻藻數50,000 cell m/L 於反應150~210分鐘後開始裂解死亡,在過氧化氫/光系統下,細胞遲滯破裂時間大幅縮短至13~110分鐘之範圍內。在代謝物方面,魚腥藻在反應系統中於細胞尚未破裂前即開始釋出部分geosmin,而於細胞完全破裂後,胞內geosmin便會完全釋出至水體中。
細胞完整性之動力學模擬方面,本研究選用Chick-Watson model、Delayed Chick–Watson model與Modified Chick–Watson model三種模式進行模擬。而後發展Geomsin釋出及降解動力模式,結合細胞破裂模式、geosmin直接光解、geosmin揮發及與氫氧自由基反應動力參數,使用獨立量測或文獻數值作為模式輸入參數,合理預測在過氧化氫/紫外光過氧化氫、過氧化氫/高壓汞燈實驗系統中,細胞受到破壞造成geosmin釋出及降解的濃度變化,可提供後續淨水程序藻類控制及水處理相關應用之參考。
Impact of hydrogen peroxide on a geosmin-producing cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis under light conditions is investigated. A UV and a high-pressure Hg lamps were used as the light sources. The experimental results revealed that the light source, light intensity, hydrogen peroxide dosage and hydroxyl radical concentration are important factors for cell lysis. Three Chick-Watson type models were used to reasonably describe the experimental data for the kinetics of cell rupture. Considering release of geosmin from ruptured cells, volatilization from the reactor, and degradation by hydroxyl radical in water, models were developed to predict the concentration change of geosmin in the system. The models successfully predicted the concentration change of geosmin in all the experiments using parameters measured independently. It may provide a simple and quantitative means to estimate the interaction of oxidants and cells and the control of released metabolites in drinking water treatment processes.
Acero, J.L., Haderlein, S.B., Schmidt, T.C., Suter, M.J.-F. and von Gunten, U. MTBE oxidation by conventional ozonation and the combination ozone/hydrogen peroxide: efficiency of the processes and bromate formation. Environmental science & technology 35(21). 4252-4259. (2001)
Acero, J.L., Rodriguez, E., Majado, M.E., Sordo, A. and Meriluoto, J. Oxidation of microcystin-LR with chlorine and permanganate during drinking water treatment. Journal of Water Supply: Research & Technology-AQUA 57(6). (2008)
Ashitani, K., Hishida, Y. and Fujiwara, K. Behavior of musty odorous compounds during the process of water treatment. Water Science & Technology 20(8-9). 261-267. (1988)
Barakat, M., Tseng, J. and Huang, C. Hydrogen peroxide-assisted photocatalytic oxidation of phenolic compounds. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 59(1). 99-104. (2005)
Barkoh, A., Smith, D.G. and Southard, G.M. Prymnesium parvum Control Treatments For Fish Hatcheries1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 46(1). 161-169. (2010)
Barrington, D.J. and Ghadouani, A. Application of hydrogen peroxide for the removal of toxic cyanobacteria and other phytoplankton from wastewater. Environmental science & technology 42(23). 8916-8921. (2008)
Barrington, D.J., Ghadouani, A. and Ivey, G.N. Environmental factors and the application of hydrogen peroxide for the removal of toxic cyanobacteria from waste stabilization ponds. Journal of Environmental Engineering 137(10). 952-960. (2011)
Barroin, G. and Feuillade, M. Hydrogen peroxide as a potential algicide for oscillatoria rubescens DC. Water Research 20(5). 619-623. (1986)
Bentley, R. and Meganathan, R. Geosmin and methylisoborneol biosynthesis in Streptomycetes: Evidence for an isoprenoid pathway and its absence in non-differentiating isolates. FEBS letters 125(2). 220-222. (1981)
Binet, M. and Stauber, J. Rapid flow cytometric method for the assessment of toxic dinoflagellate cyst viability. Marine environmental research 62(4). 247-260. (2006)
Bouchard, J.N., Roy, S. and Campbell, D.A. UVB Effects on the Photosystem II‐D1 Protein of Phytoplankton and Natural Phytoplankton Communities. Photochemistry and photobiology 82(4). 936-951. (2006)
92
Boulos, L., Prevost, M., Barbeau, B., Coallier, J. and Desjardins, R. LIVE/DEAD® Bac Ligh ™: application of a new rapid staining method for direct enumeration of viable and total bacteria in drinking water. Journal of Microbiological Methods 37(1). 77-86. (1999)
Breeuwer, P., Drocourt, J.-L., Bunschoten, N., Zwietering, M.H., Rombouts, F.M. and Abee, T. Characterization of uptake and hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate and carboxyfluorescein diacetate by intracellular esterases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which result in accumulation of fluorescent product. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61(4). 1614-1619. (1995)
Campbell, C., Quinn, A.G., Angus, B., Farr, P.M. and Rees, J.L. Wavelength specific patterns of p53 induction in human skin following exposure to UV radiation. Cancer research 53(12). 2697-2699. (1993)
Chang, D.-W., Hsieh, M.-L., Chen, Y.-M., Lin, T.-F. and Chang, J.-S. Kinetics of cell lysis for Microcystis aeruginosa and Nitzschia palea in the exposure to β-cyclocitral. Journal of Hazardous Materials 185(2). 1214-1220. (2011)
Chen, J.-J. and Yeh, H.-H. The mechanisms of potassium permanganate on algae removal. Water Research 39(18). 4420-4428. (2005)
Chen, Y.-M., Hobson, P., Burch, M.D. and Lin, T.-F. In situ measurement of odor compound production by benthic cyanobacteria. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 12(3). 769-775. (2010)
Chick, H. An investigation of the laws of disinfection. Journal of Hygiene 8(01). 92-158. (1908)
Cho, M., Chung, H., Choi, W. and Yoon, J. Linear correlation between inactivation of E. coli and OH radical concentration in TiO2 photocatalytic disinfection. Water Research 38(4). 1069-1077. (2004)
Cho, M., Chung, H. and Yoon, J. Disinfection of water containing natural organic matter by using ozone-initiated radical reactions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69(4). 2284-2291. (2003)
Chow, C., House, J., Velzeboer, R., Drikas, M., Burch, M. and Steffensen, D. The effect of ferric chloride flocculation on cyanobacterial cells. Water Research 32(3). 808-814. (1998)
Chow, C.W., Drikas, M., House, J., Burch, M.D. and Velzeboer, R. The impact of conventional water treatment processes on cells of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Water Research 33(15). 3253-3262. (1999)
Chrzanowski, T.H., Crotty, R.D., Hubbard, J.G. and Welch, R.P. Applicability of the fluorescein diacetate method of detecting active bacteria in freshwater. Microbial Ecology 10(2). 179-185. (1984)
93
Daly, R.I., Ho, L. and Brookes, J.D. Effect of chlorination on Microcystis aeruginosa cell integrity and subsequent microcystin release and degradation. Environmental science & technology 41(12). 4447-4453. (2007)
Del Giorgio, P., Prairie, Y. and Bird, D. Coupling between rates of bacterial production and the abundance of metabolically active bacteria in lakes, enumerated using CTC reduction and flow cytometry. Microbial Ecology 34(2). 144-154. (1997)
Diaper, J., Tither, K. and Edwards, C. Rapid assessment of bacterial viability by flow cytometry. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 38(2). 268-272. (1992)
Dietrich, A., Hoehn, R., Dufresne, L., Buffin, L., Rashash, D. and Parker, B. Oxidation of odorous and nonodorous algal metabolites by permanganate, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide. Water Science and Technology 31(11). 223-228. (1995)
Dillon, J.G., Tatsumi, C.M., Tandingan, P.G. and Castenholz, R.W. Effect of environmental factors on the synthesis of scytonemin, a UV-screening pigment, in a cyanobacterium (Chroococcidiopsis sp.). Archives of Microbiology 177(4). 322-331. (2002)
Dorsey, J., Yentsch, C.M., Mayo, S. and McKenna, C. Rapid analytical technique for the assessment of cell metabolic activity in marine microalgae. Cytometry 10(5). 622-628. (1989)
Drábková, M , d iraal, W and Maršál k, o bin d osur o hydrog n ro id and light selective effects on cyanobacteria, Green Algae, and diatoms. Environmental science & technology 41(1). 309-314. (2007a)
Drábková, M , Ma hijs, , d iraal, W and Maršál k, l c iv ff c s of 2 2 on cyanobacterial photosynthesis. Photosynthetica 45(3). 363-369. (2007b)
Duhamel, S. and Jacquet, S. Flow cytometric analysis of bacteria-and virus-like particles in lake sediments. Journal of Microbiological Methods 64(3). 316-332. (2006)
Ehling-Schulz, M., Bilger, W. and Scherer, S. UV-B-induced synthesis of photoprotective pigments and extracellular polysaccharides in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. Journal of Bacteriology 179(6). 1940-1945. (1997)
Ehling-Schulz, M. and Scherer, S. UV protection in cyanobacteria. European Journal of Phycology 34(4). 329-338. (1999)
Elovitz, M.S. and von Gunten, U. Hydroxyl radical/ozone ratios during ozonation processes. I. The Rct concept. (1999)
s lugas, , i n , , on r ras, , ascual, and odr gu , M. Comparison of different advanced oxidation processes for phenol degradation. Water Research 36(4). 1034-1042. (2002)
Fan, J., Ho, L., Hobson, P. and Brookes, J. Evaluating the effectiveness of copper sulphate, chlorine, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide and ozone on
94
cyanobacterial cell integrity. Water Research 47(14). 5153-5164. (2013)
García-Fernández, I., Polo-López, M., Oller, I. and Fernández-Ibáñez, P. Bacteria and fungi inactivation using Fe3+/sunlight, H2O2/sunlight and near neutral photo-Fenton: A comparative study. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 121. 20-29. (2012)
arc a- illada, L , ico, M , l a irano, M a , ánch -Mar n, L., López-Rodas, V. and Costas, E. Occurrence of copper resistant mutants in the toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa: characterisation and future implications in the use of copper sulphate as algaecide. Water Research 38(8). 2207-2213. (2004)
Gerber, N.N. A volatile metabolite of actinomycetes 2-methylisoborneol. Journal of Antibiotics 22. 508-509. (1969)
Glaze, W.H. Chemical oxidation, in water quality and treatment, Chapter 12, American Water Works Association, McGraw-Hill, New York. (1990)
Glaze, W.H., Schep, R., Chauncey, W., Ruth, E.C., Zarnoch, J.J., Aieta, E., Tate, C.H. and McGuire, M.J. Evaluating oxidants for the removal of model taste and odor compounds from a municipal water supply. Journal-American Water Works Association 82(5). 79-84. (1990)
Haji, S., Benstaali, B. and Al-Bastaki, N. Degradation of methyl orange by UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process. Chemical Engineering Journal 168(1). 134-139. (2011)
Haugland, R.P., Spence, M.T. and Johnson, I.D. Handbook of fluorescent probes and research chemicals. Molecular Probes Eugene, OR. (1996)
Hayes, K.P. and Burch, M.D. Odorous compounds associated with algal blooms in South Australian waters. Water Research 23(1). 115-121. (1989)
, X , la , M , W s rick, , ’ h a, , iskia, , Trian is, T , aloudis, T , Stefan, M.I., de la Cruz, A.A. and Dionysiou, D.D. Efficient removal of microcystin-LR by UV-C/H2O2 in synthetic and natural water samples. Water Research 46(5). 1501-1510. (2012)
He, Y.-Y. and Häder, D.-P. UV-B-induced formation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp.: protective effects of ascorbic acid and N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 66(2). 115-124. (2002)
Hobbie, J.E., Daley, R.J. and Jasper, S. Use of nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 33(5). 1225-1228. (1977)
Huber, M.M., Canonica, S., Park, G.-Y. and Von Gunten, U. Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during ozonation and advanced oxidation processes.
95
Environmental science & technology 37(5). 1016-1024. (2003)
IJpelaar, G.F., Harmsen, D.J., Beerendonk, E.F., van Leerdam, R.C., Metz, D.H., Knol, A.H., Fulmer, A. and Krijnen, S. Comparison of low pressure and medium pressure UV lamps for UV/H2O2 treatment of natural waters containing micro pollutants. Ozone: Science & Engineering 32(5). 329-337. (2010)
Izaguirre, G. and Taylor, W.D. Geosmin and MIB events in a new reservoir in southern California. Water Science & Technology 55(5). (2007)
Jüttner, F. Dynamics of the volatile organic substances associated with cyanobacteria and algae in a eutrophic shallow lake. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 47(4). 814-820. (1984)
Jüttner, F. and Watson, S.B. Biochemical and ecological control of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in source waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73(14). 4395-4406. (2007)
ančula, D and Maršál k, ri ical r vi w of ac ually availabl ch ical co ounds for prevention and management of cyanobacterial blooms. Chemosphere 85(9). 1415-1422. (2011)
Jiang, J., Saint, C.P., Cane, D.E. and Monis, P.T. Isolation and characterization of the gene associated with geosmin production in cyanobacteria. Environmental science & technology 42(21). 8027-8032. (2008)
Jo, C.H., Dietrich, A.M. and Tanko, J.M. Simultaneous degradation of disinfection byproducts and earthy-musty odorants by the UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process. Water Research 45(8). 2507-2516. (2011)
Jones, G.J. and Korth, W. In situ production of volatile odour compounds by river and reservoir phytoplankton populations in Australia. Water Science and Technology 31(11). 145-151. (1995)
Jones, K.H. and Senft, J.A. An improved method to determine cell viability by simultaneous staining with fluorescein diacetate-propidium iodide. Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 33(1). 77-79. (1985)
Kay, S.H., Quimby, P.C.J. and Ouzts, J.D. Hydrogen peroxide a potential algicide for aquaculture. Proceedings Southern Weed Science Society 35,275. (1982)
Kim, I.-Y., Kim, M.-K., Yoon, Y., Im, J.-K. and Zoh, K.-D. Kinetics and degradation mechanism of clofibric acid and diclofenac in UV photolysis and UV/H2O2 reaction. Desalination and Water Treatment (ahead-of-print). 1-8. (2013)
Kim, J.-H., Elovitz, M.S., Von Gunten, U., Shukairy, H.M. and Mariñas, B.J. Modeling Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation and bromate in a flow-through ozone contactor treating natural water. Water Research 41(2). 467-475. (2007)
Knappe, D.R. Algae detection and removal strategies for drinking water treatment plants.
96
American Water Works Association. (2004)
Krasner, S., Hwang, C. and McGuire, M. A standard method for quantification of earthy-musty odorants in water, sediments, and algal cultures. Water Science & Technology 15(6-7). 127-138. (1983)
Kull, T.P., Backlund, P.H., Karlsson, K.M. and Meriluoto, J.A. Oxidation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR by chlorine dioxide: reaction kinetics, characterization, and toxicity of reaction products. Environmental science & technology 38(22). 6025-6031. (2004)
Kull, T.P., Sjövall, O.T., Tammenkoski, M.K., Backlund, P.H. and Meriluoto, J.A. Oxidation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR by chlorine dioxide: influence of natural organic matter. Environmental science & technology 40(5). 1504-1510. (2006)
Kuzuyama, T. Mevalonate and nonmevalonate pathways for the biosynthesis of isoprene units. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 66(8). 1619-1627. (2002)
Langsrud, S. and Sundheim, G. Flow cytometry for rapid assessment of viability after exposure to a quaternary ammonium compound. Journal of Applied Microbiology 81(4). 411-418. (1996)
Latifi, A., Ruiz, M. and Zhang, C.C. Oxidative stress in cyanobacteria. FEMS microbiology reviews 33(2). 258-278. (2009)
Liang, W., Chen, L., Sui, L., Yu, J., Wang, L. and Shi, H. Assessment of detoxification of microcystin extracts using electrochemical oxidation. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 46(10). 1102-1112. (2011)
Liao, C.-H. and Gurol, M.D. Chemical oxidation by photolytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Environmental science & technology 29(12). 3007-3014. (1995)
Lin, T.-F., Chang, D.-W., Lien, S.-K., Tseng, Y.-S., Chiu, Y.-T. and Wang, Y.-S. Effect of chlorination on the cell integrity of two noxious cyanobacteria and their releases of odorants. Journal of Water Supply: Research & Technology-AQUA 58(8). (2009)
Mamane, H., Shemer, H. and Linden, K.G. Inactivation of E. coli, B. subtilis spores, and MS2, T4, and T7 phage using UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation. Journal of Hazardous Materials 146(3). 479-486. (2007)
Marie, D., Vaulot, D. and Partensky, F. Application of the novel nucleic acid dyes YOYO-1, YO-PRO-1, and PicoGreen for flow cytometric analysis of marine prokaryotes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62(5). 1649-1655. (1996)
Marugán, J., van Grieken, R., Sordo, C. and Cruz, C. Kinetics of the photocatalytic disinfection of Escherichia coli suspensions. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental
97
82(1). 27-36. (2008)
Marwood, C.A., Smith, R.E., Furgal, J.A., Charlton, M.N., Solomon, K.R. and Greenberg, B.M. Photoinhibition of natural phytoplankton assemblages in Lake Erie exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57(2). 371-379. (2000)
Matthijs, H.C., Visser, P.M., Reeze, B., Meeuse, J., Slot, P.C., Wijn, G., Talens, R. and Huisman, J. Selective suppression of harmful cyanobacteria in an entire lake with hydrogen peroxide. Water Research 46(5). 1460-1472. (2012)
McGuire, M.J. Oxidation of five earthy musty taste and odor compounds. Journal of the American Water Works Association 78(3). 62-69. (1986)
Mikula, P., Zezulka, S., Jancula, D. and Marsalek, B. Metabolic activity and membrane integrity changes in Microcystis aeruginosa–new findings on hydrogen peroxide toxicity in cyanobacteria. European Journal of Phycology 47(3). 195-206. (2012)
Moffat, B.D. and Snell, T.W. Rapid toxicity assessment using an in vivo enzyme test for Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera). Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 30(1). 47-53. (1995)
Montiel, A. and Welte, B. Preozonation coupled with flotation filtration: successful removal of algae. Water Science and Technology 37(2). 65-73. (1998)
Moreira-Turcq, P.F. and Martin, J.M. Characterisation of fine particles by flow cytometry in estuarine and coastal Arctic waters. Journal of Sea Research 39(3). 217-226. (1998)
Persson, P.-E. Sensory properties and analysis of two muddy odour compounds, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, in water and fish. Water Research 14(8). 1113-1118. (1980)
Persson, P.E. Off-flavor in aquatic ecosystems-An introduction. Water Science & Technology 15. 2. (1983)
Phattarapattamawong, S., Echigo, S. and Itoh, S. Simultaneous control of bromate ion and chlorinous odor in drinking water using an advanced oxidation process (O3/H2O2). Ozone: Science & Engineering 33(2). 136-142. (2011)
Pietsch, J., Bornmann, K. and Schmidt, W. Relevance of intra‐and extracellular cyanotoxins for drinking water treatment. Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 30(1). 7-15. (2002)
Plummer, J. and Edzwald, J. Effects of chlorine and ozone on algal cell properties and removal of algae by coagulation. Aqua 51. 307-318. (2002)
Quéric, N.-V., Soltwedel, T. and Arntz, W.E. Application of a rapid direct viable count method to deep-sea sediment bacteria. Journal of Microbiological Methods 57(3). 351-367. (2004)
98
Ramirez, A.M. and De Belie, N. Evaluation of the algaecide activity of titanium dioxide on autoclaved aerated concrete. Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies 12(1). 100-104. (2009)
Rippka, R. [2] Recognition and identification of cyanobacteria. Methods in Enzymology 167. 28-67. (1988)
odr gu -Concepción, M. and Boronat, A. Elucidation of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacteria and plastids. A metabolic milestone achieved through genomics. Plant physiology 130(3). 1079-1089. (2002)
Rosenfeldt, E., Linden, K. and Melcher, B. UV and UV/H2O2 treatment of methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin in water. Aqua 54. 423-434. (2005)
Rositano, J., Nicholson, B. and Pieronne, P. Destruction of cyanobacterial toxins by ozone. (1998)
Sánchez-Polo, M., Von Gunten, U. and Rivera-Utrilla, J. Efficiency of activated carbon to transform ozone into OH radicals: Influence of operational parameters. Water Research 39(14). 3189-3198. (2005)
Sakai, H., Oguma, K., Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S. Effects of low-or medium-pressure ultraviolet lamp irradiation on Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena variabilis. Water Research 41(1). 11-18. (2007)
Samuilov, V., Bezryadnov, D., Gusev, M., Kitashov, A. and Fedorenko, T. Hydrogen peroxide inhibits the growth of cyanobacteria. Biochemistry. Biokhimiia 64(1). 47-53. (1999)
Samuilov, V., Timofeev, K., Sinitsyn, S. and Bezryadnov, D. H2O2-induced inhibition of photosynthetic O2 evolution by Anabaena variabilis cells. Biochemistry (Moscow) 69(8). 926-933. (2004)
Sarathy, S. and Mohseni, M. An overview of UV-based advanced oxidation processes for drinking water treatment. IUVA News 8(2). 16-27. (2006)
Sen, C., Packer, L. and Hänninen, O. Handbook of oxidants and antioxidants in exercise. Elsevier. (2000)
Sinha, R.P. and Häder, D.-P. UV-induced DNA damage and repair: a review. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 1(4). 225-236. (2002)
Sivaganesan, M., Adcock, N. and Rice, E. Inactivation of Bacillus globigii by chlorination: A hierarchical Bayesian model. Aqua 55. 33-43. (2006)
Smith, V.H., Tilman, G.D. and Nekola, J.C. Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental pollution 100(1). 179-196. (1999)
Spiteller, D., Jux, A., Piel, J. and Boland, W. Feeding of [5, 5-2H
99
(2)]-1-desoxy-D-xylulose and [4, 4, 6, 6, 6-2H (5)]-mevalolactone to a geosmin-producing Streptomyces sp. and Fossombronia pusilla. Phytochemistry 61(7). 827-834. (2002)
Tao, Y., Zhang, X., Au, D.W., Mao, X. and Yuan, K. The effects of sub-lethal UV-C irradiation on growth and cell integrity of cyanobacteria and green algae. Chemosphere 78(5). 541-547. (2010)
Unlu urk, , lgan, M , aysal, A.H. and Unluturk, M.S. Modeling inactivation kinetics of liquid egg white exposed to UV-C irradiation. International journal of food microbiology 142(3). 341-347. (2010)
Uwins, H.K., Teasdale, P. and Stratton, H. A case study investigating the occurrence of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) in the surface waters of the Hinze Dam, Gold Coast, Australia. Water Science & Technology 55(5). (2007)
Veldhuis, M.J., Cucci, T.L. and Sieracki, M.E. Cellular DNA Content of Marine Phytoplankton Using Two New Fluorochromes: Taxonomic and Ecological Implications1. Journal of Phycology 33(3). 527-541. (1997)
Velzeboer, R., Drikas, M., Donati, C., Burch, M. and Steffensen, D. Release of geosmin by Anabaena circinalis following treatment with aluminium sulphate. Water Science and Technology 31(11). 187-194. (1995)
Vilhunen, S., Puton, J., Virkutyte, J. and Sillanpää, M. Efficiency of hydroxyl radical formation and phenol decomposition using UV light emitting diodes and H2O2. Environmental technology 32(8). 865-872. (2011)
Wang, G.-S., Hsieh, S.-T. and Hong, C.-S. Destruction of humic acid in water by UV light—catalyzed oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. Water Research 34(15). 3882-3887. (2000)
Watson, H.E. A note on the variation of the rate of disinfection with change in the concentration of the disinfectant. Journal of Hygiene 8(04). 536-542. (1908)
Watson, S.B. Aquatic taste and odor: a primary signal of drinking-water integrity. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 67(20-22). 1779-1795. (2004)
Westerhoff, P., Nalinakumari, B. and Pei, P. Kinetics of MIB and geosmin oxidation during ozonation. Ozone: Science and Engineering 28(5). 277-286. (2006)
Westrick, J.A., Szlag, D.C., Southwell, B.J. and Sinclair, J. A review of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins removal/inactivation in drinking water treatment. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 397(5). 1705-1714. (2010)
White, G.C. Handbook of chlorination. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. (1986)
Wu, J.-T. and Jüttner, F. Differential partitioning of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol between cellular constituents in Oscillatoria tenuis. Archives of Microbiology 150(6). 580-583. (1988)
100
Young, W., Horth, H., Crane, R., Ogden, T. and Arnott, M. Taste and odour threshold concentrations of potential potable water contaminants. Water Research 30(2). 331-340. (1996)
Zamir Bin Alam, M., Otaki, M., Furumai, H. and Ohgaki, S. Direct and indirect inactivation of microcystis aeruginosa by UV-radiation. Water Research 35(4). 1008-1014. (2001)
Zurawell, R.W., Chen, H., Burke, J.M. and Prepas, E.E. Hepatotoxic cyanobacteria: a review of the biological importance of microcystins in freshwater environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 8(1). 1-37. (2005)
王奕軒. 自來水中木頭味物質 β-cyclocitral 之來源及去除之研究. 成功大學環境工程學系學位論文. (2006)
行政院環保署. 民國101年環境水質監測年報. (2012)
李文凱. 光催化過硫酸鹽氧化水中六種有機污染物之動力研究與模擬. 成功大學環境工程學系學位論文. (2012)
翁玉芬. 水中超微量異臭味物質Geosmin之分析及去除. 國立交通大學環境工程學系碩士論文. (1993)
張德威. 飲用水源中有害藻體及代謝物監測與破壞技術之研究. 國立成功大學環境工程學系博士論文. (2013)
連紹凱. 前加氯對三種藍綠菌菌體破壞及其代謝物釋出之研究. 成功大學環境工程學系學位論文. (2008)