手眼追蹤作業可以視為一種動態的知覺—動作結合處理歷程。我們透過眼球運動擷取追蹤目標的運動學特徵以導引手部動作，而來自視覺與非視覺訊息的感覺回饋也會調控手眼的追蹤軌跡與修正行為。本研究藉由改變追蹤目標的運動特性與呈現形式，以及操弄感覺回饋訊息的可利用性，結合眼球運動訊號來探討執行追蹤作業時手眼的協調控制，特別著重於視覺策略與動作不連續性，在感覺導引與錯誤校正上反映出的手眼交互關係。
實驗一的目的是探討追蹤作業中正弦目標訊號的移動頻率與呈現形式，對複合式眼球運動以及手眼協同性的影響。受試者分別追蹤以線型運動(速度回饋)或波型運動(位置回饋)呈現的慢頻與快頻目標訊號：結果發現，相較於快頻/波型追蹤，慢頻/線型作業展現較高的手眼耦合度；快頻追蹤時，眼動軌跡與手部動作皆領先目標訊號，而慢頻追蹤時，眼球追視的時序性會因為目標訊號的呈現形式而改變。另外，慢頻追蹤比快頻追蹤引發更多的跳視反應與較大的追視增益；與波型追蹤相比，線型追蹤雖有較大的追視增益卻產生較少而短的凝視反應。慢頻追蹤作業下，眼球跳視與凝視的發生率有明顯的周期性變化：跳視較常發生於目標訊號的速度極大值處，而目標訊號位移轉折處則有較高的凝視發生率；線型追蹤作業下，眼球追視的發生率也有明顯的周期性變化，在目標訊號達到速度極大值時有最高的追視發生率。線性迴歸分析進一步顯示，與快頻或波型追蹤作業相比，複合式眼球運動行為較能夠預測慢頻或線型追蹤作業下的手部動作軌跡。
實驗二的目的是探討視覺與非視覺訊息在手部追蹤作業所扮演的相對角色與貢獻。受試者在以下三種感覺動作情境下追蹤一個以0.5赫茲頻率移動的正弦波訊號：分別是眼球單獨追蹤作業、提供手部動作表現視覺回饋的手眼共同追蹤作業、以及沒有手部動作表現視覺回饋的手眼共同追蹤作業。實驗比較不同情境下的追蹤錯誤、運動學參數、以及動作不連續性(眼球跳視與手部速度脈波)。實驗結果顯示：相較於眼球單獨追蹤，手眼共同追蹤作業產生較高的追視增益、較低的追蹤錯誤、與較少的眼動不連續性；當提供手部動作表現的即時視覺回饋訊息時，手與眼的追蹤動作軌跡有更好的一致性與較小的動作不連續性，然而手部追蹤動作的節律精確度則不受到是否提供視覺回饋訊息的影響。另外，實驗也發現，手部動作表現的視覺回饋提供與否，會顯著影響動作不連續性與追蹤錯誤的相互關係：在提供視覺回饋訊息的情境下，手部動作的速度脈波參數會受到眼球追蹤錯誤量的調控，而眼球跳視的發生與手部追蹤的位移錯誤量增減有特定的時序相關性。
總結以上，本研究發現手眼追蹤作業是與感覺迴饋形式有關的知覺—動作循環歷程，以靈活豐富的手眼協調控制與視覺搜尋策略覓隨移動中的目標物。眼球運動系統與手部動作系統在時間空間上存在彈性的耦合關係，並受到目標訊號移動頻率以及對目標訊號移動感知的調控。周邊非視覺回饋訊息對於眼球追視軌跡穩定以及手部節律性控制有關鍵性的作用，視覺回饋訊息則改善手部動作的振幅控制以及動作錯誤偵測與詮釋，進而促進手眼協調與追蹤表現。

Oculo-manual tracking is a dynamical processing of perception-action coupling. Target kinematic properties are registered with eye movements to guide manual actions, and the consequence of manual action alters ocular behaviors in return. Primary movement and secondary corrective behaviors of the ocular and manual effectors are modulated by both non-visual and visual information. The present work aimed to investigate eye-hand synergy during oculo-manual tracking under the differing sensorimotor conditions, by manipulating kinematic representations and sensory reliance/availability of target movement. Visual strategy and movement intermittency of manual and ocular effectors were of particular foci to characterize functional roles of sensory guidance, eye-hand reciprocity, and error correction for oculo-manual tracking.
In the first study, we investigated how frequency demand and motion feedback influenced composite ocular movements and eye-hand synergy during manual tracking. Subjects conducted slow and fast force-tracking in which targets were displayed in either line-mode or wave-mode of direct velocity or position nature. The results showed that slow and line-mode tracking exhibited stronger eye-hand coupling than fast and wave-mode tracking. Both eye movement and manual action led the target signal during fast-tracking, while the latency of ocular navigation during slow-tracking depended on the feedback mode. Slow-tracking resulted in more saccadic responses and larger pursuit gains than fast-tracking. Line-mode tracking led to larger pursuit gains but fewer and shorter gaze fixations than wave-mode tracking. During slow-tracking, incidences of saccade and gaze fixation fluctuated across a target cycle, peaking at velocity maximum and the maximal curvature of target displacement, respectively. For line-mode tracking, the incidence of smooth pursuit was phase-dependent, peaking at velocity maximum as well. Manual behavior of slow or line-mode tracking was better predicted by composite eye movements than that of fast or wave-mode tracking.
The second study explored the respective roles of the visual and non-visual information in manual tracking of an external target. Subjects coupled the manual cursor to a rhythmically moving target of 0.5 Hz under three sensorimotor conditions: eye-alone tracking (EA), eye-hand tracking with visual feedback of manual outputs (EH tracking), and the same tracking without such feedback (EHM tracking). Tracking error, kinematic variables, and movement intermittency (saccade and speed pulse) were contrasted among tracking conditions. The results showed that EHM tracking exhibited larger pursuit gain, less tracking error, and less movement intermittency for the ocular plant than EA tracking. With the vision of manual cursor, EH tracking achieved superior tracking congruency of the ocular and manual effectors with smaller movement intermittency than EHM tracking, except that the rate precision of manual action was similar for both types of tracking. Furthermore, the visibility of manual consequences altered mutual relationships between movement intermittency and tracking error. The speed pulse metrics of manual output were linked to ocular tracking error, and saccade events were time-locked to the positional error of manual tracking during EH tracking.
In summary, the research suggested that oculo-manual tracking was a feedback-dependent perception-action cycling underlying versatile eye-hand synergies and visual strategies in tracking a moving target. The oculomotor and manual systems demonstrated a flexible coupling in the spatiotemporal coordinate modulated by frequency demand and motion perception. Next, peripheral non-visual information is critical to stabilize pursuit characteristics and to secure rate control of rhythmic manual action. Visual information adds to eye-hand synchrony, elaborating amplitude scaling of manual action and interpretation of error properties during oculo-manual tracking.

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